A Leader to Admire

One of the greatest persons is the world's largest direct selling and company for women, Avon's supreme, Andrea Jung. Her threshold into the corporate world has had a good ladder to the top.These involved her to top positions which perhaps honed her to fit who she is right now. Being Avon's CEO for ten years now, her worth for the title is evident with the extensive growth of the company. Relative to this, she is part of Apple, Inc. Board and General Electric (GE) Company.â€Å"Strong executive engagement is the most important practice as it involves major leaders working on the project. This means that their contribution to the ongoing program is highly regarded [†¦]† (Ambler, 2008).Her career runs long-time symmetry to her long-run experience. Also, her expert performance led her to enter the top 100 most powerful women and to be the top-paid female CEO; and whose leadership, despite economic downturn, raised Avon's total revenue in the preceding year.These semi-accompl ishments speak for her stand. She's plain admirable with how she gets things done. This executive woman works strategically. Pervasive promotions for new products are marketed using credible celebrities. She knows how to play with the roller coaster twists of the economy and social trends.Working with her, even starting with a minimum capital in a rural area would turn out to be a productive one. Having her on the job is an indeed ‘yes'. She seems to have mastered the corporate world which is an advantage for expanding businesses and an opportunity for extending finances.Not only she caters businesses but she aids women under the shadows of violence, poverty and cancer. Her charitable initiations add up to why she is an admirable leader. She excels, corporately and socially.ReferencesAmber, G. Banutu-Gomez, M. B. (2004). Great leaders teach exemplary followership and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   serve as servant leaders. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 4,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   143.

Ignorance Does Not Discriminate

â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge†: Ignorance Does Not Discriminate The short story â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge† by Flannery O’Connor describes how ignorance has no boundaries. The story of a young man named Julian and his prejudice mother living a time following the end of segregation. Julian despises his mother’s need to feel superior and pities her ignorance. Julian is conflicted by the fact that his mother will never change and toys with different ways to teach her a lesson and end her superiority complex. The story ends tragically with both Julian and his mother learning a very difficult lesson- that ignorance does not discriminate. Julian’s mother is trapped in a time when she feels superior to Negros because of her skin color, last name and family history. Julian struggles to make her understand that times have changed and she is no better than anyone else regardless of her history. In contrast, Julian’s mother attempts to elevate his worth by reminding him of the sacrifices she has made to enable him to have privileges such as nice teeth and a college education. These things should make Julian feel superior as well. The irony of this story is that despite the constant struggle to teach each other a lesson about equality, a stranger showed both Julian and his mother that they were both equally ignorant. When Julian’s mother is physically assaulted by a negro woman for a simple gesture, the lesson begins. Though meant to be kindness to a child, Julian’s mother was completely ignorant about how offensive the gesture was to the child’s mother. As Julian watched the event with satisfaction that his mother was finally being taught her lesson in equality, Julian unknowingly allowed a stranger’s ignorance to take his own mother in return for a lifetime of regret and guilt. The negro woman loses her temper and Julian’s mother loses her life. Because all three characters refuse to be patient and open minded with each other, no one wins. Julian and his mother lose the most. The negro woman and her child lose also. She lost the opportunity to show her child a better way to deal with ignorance. She also walked away with a bit more hate in her heart. Thus the ignorance will likely continue to be paid forward.

Does the evidence support the claim that the media 'lost' the Vietnam Essay

Does the evidence support the claim that the media 'lost' the Vietnam war for America How has this belief affected way that the - Essay Example Affective media can simultaneously boost the morale of nation as well as of the armed forces during a war and after the war also. Media should display patriotic spirit to project the image of its own country, as it is really essential for overall representation of the state. Vietnam War is also an example from history where American media could not handle the war to project the gains of the forces. One that media did not print the US military effort and sacrifices of the army and on other end, post-war scenario was full of critic, which had very demoralizing affects on troops and also on nation as a whole. Therefore, after passing about 35 years, still there is an ongoing debate on the role of American news media on the outcome of the conflict. Severe objection of the media on the issue of policy failure in war also compelled the decision makers to alter the course of action, ultimately led to confusion and chaos. Media lost the war for America because it was media, which projected t he war in a negative sense. The government was unable to control the media and the media especially the television highlighted such images of American government that deteriorated the image of American army among the masses and the world as a whole. That showed that censorship policies for media should be there in order to safeguard the reputation of a country. Media’s role in Vietnam War was quite predictable as it is said that media’s engagement in disabling America to win the war is prominent. Action of media and certain causes of failure in campaign in the subsequent conflicts shall be elaborated here. This paper analyzes the issue of media involvement in the Vietnam War along with its affects on military efforts in Vietnam. This paper also draws attention to the fact that American media lost the Vietnam War for America. Media and Preliminary Phase of the Conflict It was obvious from the outset that US was assisting Vietnam people in fighting against the communist aggression. Saigon government was in power to take care of American interests. Besides continuous information provided by US officials on activities of the forces in Vietnam, American diplomats wanted Vietnamese press guidance in all matters (Landers 2004). On the outset of hostilities, lack of harmony was found in American media and government. American public and congress were a bit hesitant to raise voice in support of the war waged by US. This also posed a problem in releasing funds for the campaign. Until 1962, lack of interest observed was in the role of media to support war. Non-availability of independent information gathering system and absence of means for real time battlefield picture led to mismanagement. Editorializing for moulding public opinion was almost absent in newspapers. Policies of Kennedy could not seek success due to objective journalism of American media. According to Wyatt (1993), â€Å"The Kennedy administration also took steps of its own to shut the pres s away from this story† (91). However, he was not successful in his efforts because of uncontrollable media and lacking governmental policies. At the same time, American media started portraying two different pictures of Vietnam War. One, way of conduct of war by south Vietnamese was highly being criticized. Other was the optimistic approach of American advisers

Chinese Women today-qz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese Women today-qz - Essay Example China, home to one in five of the worlds women, is around the few nations where women are encountering a rights rollback, as stated by feminists, scientists and information from the All-China Womens Federation, which is designated and run by the legislature to speak to womens hobby. In the 1950s, women appreciated top-down additions gave by the Communist Party and Mao Zedongs proverb that "whatever male friends can do, female companions can do, as well." The blinding shine of the most recent 35 years of budgetary additions clouds the way that while Chinese women have profited from the climbing tide lifting all vessels, they are indeed losing ground. Women livelihoods are falling in respect to mens; conventional demeanor are transferring women to the home; and ladies net fortune may be contracting. While female parliamentary representation somewhere else is climbing, the rate of ladies in Chinas national council, the National Peoples Congress, has level lined for a long time at a little more than 20 percent. Regardless of a compelling authority account that womens rights are overall secured, there is no development in essence to secure women According to numerous feminists, there is no political will to enhance women’s standing. A little gathering of men set approach in China, and they dont see ladies rights as a standard issue. Additionally, women need financial clout. The oft-touted reality that Chinese women possess 7 of the 14 positions on a year ago Forbes rundown of capable billionaires. Numerous women have been closed out of what may be the greatest amassing of land fortune ever, esteemed at over $17 trillion in 2010" by the bank HSBC, she composed. A dubious change to the Marriage Law passed in August says that in separation, unless challenged, property returns to the legitimate manager, leaving numerous women who cannot demonstrate their budgetary commitment with nothing. Generally, although equality has never been attained,

Ethetical ramifications of medicine and psychiatry in cyberspace Essay

Ethetical ramifications of medicine and psychiatry in cyberspace - Essay Example The matter is even more complicated when it comes to ethics in cyberspace where they may be different questions with regard to privacy and confidentiality. Therefore, to fully understand the ethical ramification of medicine and psychiatry in cyberspace, it is important to understand what ethics are and then to see how various ethical issues in cyberspace can be tackled by psychiatrists as well as medical practitioners. The word ethics comes from the Greek language word ethikos which means ‘based on habit’. In scientific terminology, ethics is a branch of philosophy which discusses individual and collective behavior as being right, wrong, good or evil. In business and professional fields such as finance, public relations, advertising and many others, the application of ethical principles is said to be a part of the good practices which establish and increase the credibility of an organization or an individual (Wikipedia, 2006). When it comes to medicine and psychiatry, the world today is very much concerned with ethics since media attention as well as professional organization focus has come to ethics in a very significant way. Velasquez et. al. (1987) report that when people on the street were inquired about the meaning of ethics, they came up with very different answers. Some said that ethics have to do with internal feelings of what is right and wrong while others suggested that ethics are religious beliefs or that ethics are legal requirements. People also considered ethics to be acceptable behavior as given by the rules of society and some people simply did not know what the term ‘ethics’ means. While the responses stated above may come naturally due to the way the word is used, it must be clarified that ethics have nothing to do with internal feelings (Fisher, 2003). In fact, personal feelings and individual emotions about something may lead a

Comparative Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Summary - Essay Example It is against this backdrop that three major financial environments namely the profit making environment, not-for-profit environment and government environments have been identified in this study for critical scrutiny on how differences in financial management in each of the environments can be well harnessed to ensure that the collective goal of achieving universal quality healthcare can be achieved. Profits Making Financial Environment Healthsouth is the identified entity under the profits financial environment. Generally, the financial structure of the profits financial environment can be described as one that is influenced by the activities of shareholders. This is to say that these entities have financial bottom lines that address the profit gaining needs of their shareholders (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). To this end, they are structured such that there is several profit making avenues on the services and products that are offered. As much as possible also, there exist extern al investments models made with the contributions of shareholders so as to maximize the earnings from the health facility. Some of the policies that are unique to the profit making environment include the fact that annual profits are shared among shareholders instead of reinvesting the entire amount of profit made. This is because shareholders come on board as investors who expect positive financial returns at the end of each fiscal year. In the same manner that profits are shared, there exists a peculiar provision whereby losses are also shared among the shareholders. In the event of recording a loss at the end of the fiscal year, shareholders will be expected to make financial provisions for the proceeding budget (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Because losses are shared by shareholders as much as profits, there are always efforts that ensure that all lope holes to financial malfeasance of any kind are blocked. This is indeed one of the most outstanding financial management practic es prevalent in the profit financial environment. With the Healthsouth as a case study, it would be observed that the entity employs the services of financial experts such as accountants, bursars and auditors whose duties are not incorporated into the larger healthcare delivery services of the entity (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Despite the numerous efforts that are made to ensure financial management practices at Healthsouth, it would still be realized that the facility faces several challenges. The major reason that can be ascribed to the existence of these financial management challenges is because the facility is a healthcare facility. Generally, it is debated because the services of financial experts are not directly linked to the health provision services of the healthcare facilities; there exist apathy on the part of healthcare administrators to closely monitor the activities of the said financial management experts (Wolinsky, 2005). Not-for-Profit Environment Carolinas He althcare Systems is the selected entity under the not-for-profit financial environment. Among the features of the facility that makes it stand out and worth discussing is the fact that the facility focuses its services to not just short term care but lifetime medical care to patients. The facility therefore serves as lifetime medical home to patients (Carolinas Medical Center,

Case Study Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case Study Report - Essay Example According to the latest figures unemployment is down to 7.4 percent. In 2008, the global financial crisis led UK into the deepest and longest recession ever in their history. But the good news is that the consumer spending is rising because of cheap and easy credit. The GDP of the country which is the main economic growth indicator rose by 0.8 percent in Q3 2013. This shows that the country is slowly recovering (Henry, 2008, p. 217). Social forces The changes in social and cultural factors have a profound effect on the fashion industry. The shopping habits in UK are beginning to evolve because of the rapid ageing population and migration trends which are changing the ethnic makeup of the towns and cities. According to KPMG, over the next ten years, around two-thirds of all the retail spending growth in UK will come from people who are aged 55 or above. The main challenge to the Fashion retailers in UK is to come to terms with the ageing population of UK and change their product portf olio according to their specific demands and tastes. Technical forces The fashion retailers are now developing online business models which complement the traditional form of retailing like the brick and mortar retailing. The fashion retailers are also making their presence across social networking sites where they can interact with their customers. Legal Forces The UK retail business has to comply with a number of regulations like Minimum wage legislation. This requires the UK employers to pay a minimum of ?6.19 on hourly basis to the employees aged above 21. They have to incorporate equal opportunities legislation and other parliament acts so that they can ensure equality both in the recruitment and selection and in the work place. Key trends potential trends Over the past 20 years the fashion retail industry has become one of the world’s most fiercely competitive industries in retail sector. There have been major structural changes in the way a fashion retailer do business . In the early 1990s there were a few big retail fashion players like Next, Littlewoods, and Spencer’s. Now the market is more crowded with players like Arcadia, Primark, Inditex and Forever 21 fighting to own larger market share. The major change has been the rise of internet. Majority of the fashion retailers are now going online to make their business global. The fashion retailers have created new standards for themselves. According to a study in the next five years, 40 percent of all the high street stores are up for renewal. Stores are getting more exciting for the customer to visit. Another important change is that the customers now get more value for their price. Both the cost prices and the selling prices have now fallen and the customers can now get superb quality of material at much lower price as compared to 20 years ago (Sadler, 2003, p. 164). Environmental forces The physical environment in which fashion retail industry operates in UK is relatively benign as comp ared to other areas in the world which suffers from natural disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes and forest fires. But the customers are becoming more aware of the impact business has on their

Cause and effect essay on the Dred Scott decision - 1

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott decision - Essay Example This made Scott to consider the decision of appealing against the ruling, in which case, Justice McLean ruled that the fact that denying Scott justice because he was not a US citizen was less of a matter of law but more of taste (Schwarz 102). This decision brought about major changes in the political, social and economic arenas in the United States. Dred Scott’s decision had economic causes and effects in the United States. According to Calomiris and Schweikart (21), the decision that denying the slaves justice was more of taste than legal caused a lot of uncertainty (1987) as to whether the whole of the West would be engulfed by slaves like Kansas, and this gripped the markets. The railroads on East West Bonds immediately collapsed and in turn, many large banks nearly collapsed. Another cause of this economic effect was that the branch banking system in the South, which was superior, came to be comparable to the North’s unit banking (Calomiris and Schweikart 43). Panic transmission was however minor, because of diversification of branch banking systems in the south. However, the movement of information among branch banks was reliable while that of the competitors in the North’s unit banks seldom shared important information. In the broader perspective, the southerners were convinced by the panic that white s are kings, and hence, they had no reason to economically fear the North, unless there was a move to end the slavery. The political effect of Dred Scotts’ decision was caused by the Missouri Compromise repeal which was successfully sought by politicians of the Democratic Party. that lead to the passing of the Act of Kansas-Nebraska (Calomiris and Schweikart 47). The act allowed every 40th parallel new state in the south to solely determine whether to be a free or slave state. The Supreme Court, with Dred Scott, under Taney looked for ways

DSS VS MIS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DSS VS MIS - Coursework Example n the other hand Decision Support System (DSS) is used for establishing the correct decision established on activities, planning, forecast, management and operations. (Kersten, Mikolajuk, & Yeh, 2000, p. 41-42) Database of Decision Support System contain information from a variety of resources that includes information that was generated from various applications, data generated internally and the data extracted from external sources like Internet, etc. Size of DSS database can vary from a small standalone system to a very large datacenters managing the data requirements needs of an organization. Decision Support System’s database normally holds a backup of the production database to avoid any kind of obstruction with the normal operational systems. DSS software contains number of different analytical and mathematical models. These models are used for analyzing the complex data, in that way developing the needed information. An analytical and mathematical model forecasts the outcome on the basis of various different inputs or varying situations, or determines the outcome by combining both. A DSS may includes different models while each performing some particular function. Some of them are: (Laudon & Laudon, 2004, p. 274-275) Decision Support System has an interactive graphical user interface. This interface makes an easier interaction between the user and the DSS. The result of the analyzed data is displayed in several different forms, like table, graphical (in the form of charts), and text. Interface users and select the suitable option to view the result as per the requirements. This component works same as it does in an expert system. It presents information regarding connections between data that is excessively difficult for a database to represent. It includes the rules to facilitate possible resolution as well as another methods and solutions for assessing them. Let us assume that the some manager of a business organization who deals in products or

Dctionary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dctionary - Essay Example One of the more distinguishing features of the word flourish as entered in both dictionaries, Encarta Concise English Dictionary 2001 and The Chambers Dictionary 1998 is the phonetic system used as a pronunciation guide. Encarta employs its own phonetic alphabet, as the pronunciation is clearly not comparable to the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. The same could be said about the entry of the pronunciation of the word 'flourish' in the Chambers Dictionary. Both pronunciation symbols incorporated the accent sign found above the second syllable of the word. In the vocabulary section, both dictionaries enter the word once in bold fonts except that Encarta enters short definitions of the word in bold face provided with numbering but separated according to parts of speech, and for this entry, Encarta begins with the meaning of the word flourish as a verb which is numbered one to three, followed by five noun definitions, numbered one to five. Chambers dictionary also separated the definitions according to parts of speech, which include the word as a verb and then, noun but added an adjective definition as additional grammatical information.

International Trade and Nepal Essay Example for Free

International Trade and Nepal Essay An isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The country has, however, made progress toward sustainable economic growth since the 1950s and is committed to a program of economic liberalization. Nepal has used a series of five-year plans in an attempt to make progress in economic development. It completed its ninth economic development plan in 2002; its currency has been made convertible, and 17 state enterprises have been privatized. Foreign aid accounts for more than half of the development budget. Government priorities over the years have been the development of transportation and communication facilities, agriculture, and industry. Since 1975, improved government administration and rural development efforts have been emphasized. Agriculture remains Nepals principal economic activity, employing 80% of the population and providing 37% of GDP. Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable; another 33% is forested; most of the rest is mountainous. Rice and wheat are the main food crops. The lowland Terai region produces an agricultural surplus, part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas. Economic development in social services and infrastructure has not made dramatic progress due to GDP dependency on India. A countrywide primary education system is under development, and Tribhuvan University has several campuses. Please see Education in Nepal for further details. Although eradication efforts continue, malaria had been controlled in the fertile but previously uninhabitable Terai region in the south. Kathmandu is linked to India and nearby hill regions by road and an expanding highway network. The capital was almost out of fuel and transport of supplies caused by a crippling general strike in southern Nepal on February 17, 2008. Major towns are connected to the capital by telephone and domestic air services. The export-oriented carpet and garment industries have grown rapidly in recent years and together now account for approximately 70% of merchandise exports. Nepal was ranked 54th worst of 81 ranked countries (those with GHI 5.0) on the Global Hunger Index in 2011, between Cambodia and Togo. Nepals current score of 19.9 is better than in 2010 (20.0) and much improved than its score of 27.5 in 1990 Relations between India and Nepal are close yet fraught with difficulties stemming from geographical location, economics, the problems inherent in big power-small power relations, and common ethnic, linguistic and cultural identities that overlap the two countries borders. New Delhi and Kathmandu initiated their intertwined relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and accompanying letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian soil. The 1950 treaty and letters stated that neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor and obligated both sides to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments. These accords cemented a special relationship between India and Nepal that granted Nepal preferential economic treatment and provided Nepalese in India the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens. Jayant Prasad is Indias ambassador to Nepal. Nepal is developing county with an agricultural economy. In recent years, the countrys efforts to expand into manufacturing industries and other technological sectors have achieved much progress. Farming is the main economic activity followed by manufacturing, trade and tourism. The chief sources of foreign currency earnings are merchandise export, services, tourism and Gurkha remittances. The annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about US$ 4.3 Billion. Agriculture : Eight out of 10 Nepalese are engaged in farming and it accounts for more than 40% of the GDP. Rolling fields and neat terraces can be seen all over the Terai flatlands and the hills of Nepal. Even in the highly urbanized Kathmandu Valley, large tracts of land outside the city areas are devoted to farming. Rice is the staple diet in Nepal and around three million tons are produced annually. Other major crops are maize, wheat, millet and barley. Besides food grains, Cash crops Like Sugarcane, oil seeds, tobacco, jute and tea are also cultivated in large quantities, Manufacturing : Manufacturing is still at the developmental stage and it represents less than 10% of the GDP. Major industries are woolen carpets, garments, textiles, leather products, paper and cement. Other products made in Nepal are steel utensils, cigarettes, beverages and sugar. There are many modern large-scale factories but the majority are cottage or small scale operations. Most of Nepals industries are based in the Kathmandu Valley and a string of Small towns in the southern Terai Plains. Trade : Commerce has been a major occupation in Nepal since early times. Being situated at the crossroads of the ancient Trans-Himalayan trade route, trading is second nature to the Nepalese people. Foreign trade is characterized mainly by import of manufactured products and export of agricultural raw materials. Nepal imports manufactured goods and petroleum products worth about US$ 1 billion annually. The value of exports is about US$ 315 million. Woolen carpets are Nepals largest export, earning the country over US$ 135 million per year. Garment exports account for more than US$ 74 million and handicraft goods bring in about US$ 1 million. Other important exports are pulses, hides and skins, jute and medicinal herbs. Tourism : In 1998, a total of 463,684 tourists visited Nepal, making tourism one of the largest industries in the Kingdom. This sector has been expanding rapidly since its inception in the 1950. Thanks to Nepals natural beauty, rich cultural heritage and the diversity of sight-seeing and adventure opportunities available. At one time, tourism used to be the biggest foreign currency earner for the country. Nepal earned over US$ 152 million from tourism in 1998. INDEPENDENT POLITICAL HISTORY 1950–1970 In the 1950s, Nepal welcomed close relations with India, but as the number of Nepalese living and working in India increased and the involvement of India in Nepals economy deepened in the 1960s and after, so too did Nepalese discomfort with the special relationship. Tensions came to a head in the mid-1970s, when Nepal pressed for substantial amendments in its favor in the trade and transit treaty and openly criticized Indias 1975 annexation of Sikkim which was considered as part of Greater Nepal. In 1975 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev proposed that Nepal be recognized internationally as a zone of peace; he received support from China and Pakistan. In New Delhis view, if the kings proposal did not contradict the 1950 treaty an extension of nonalignment, it was unnecessary; if it was a repudiation of the special relationship, it represented a possible threat to Indias security and could not be endorsed. In 1984 Nepal repeated the proposal, but there was no reaction from India. Nepal continually promoted the proposal in international forums and by 1990 it had won the support of 112 countries. 1970–1980 In 1978 India agreed to separate trade and transit treaties, satisfying a long-term Nepalese demand. In 1988, when the two treaties were up for renewal, Nepals refusal to accommodate Indias wishes on the transit treaty caused India to call for a single trade and transit treaty. Thereafter, Nepal took a hard-line position that led to a serious crisis in India–Nepal relations. After two extensions, the two treaties expired on March 23, 1989, resulting in a virtual Indian economic blockade of Nepal that lasted until late April 1990. Although economic issues were a major factor in the two countries confrontation, Indian dissatisfaction with Nepals 1988 acquisition of Chinese weaponry played an important role. Treaties and letters exchanged in 1959 and 1965, which included Nepal in Indias security zone and precluded arms purchases without Indias approval. India linked security with economic relations and insisted on reviewing India–Nepal relations as a whole. Nepal had to back down after worsening economic conditions led to a change in Nepals political system, in which the king was forced to institute a parliamentary democracy. The new government sought quick restoration of amicable relations with India. 1990s The special security relationship between New Delhi and Kathmandu was reestablished during the June 1990 New Delhi meeting of Nepals prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Indian prime minister V.P. Singh. During the December 1991 visit to India by Nepalese prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, the two countries signed new, separate trade and transit treaties and other economic agreements designed to accord Nepal additional economic benefits. Indian-Nepali relations appeared to be undergoing still more reassessment when Nepals prime minister Man Mohan Adhikary visited New Delhi in April 1995 and insisted on a major review of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty. In the face of benign statements by his Indian hosts relating to the treaty, Adhikary sought greater economic independence for his landlocked nation while simultaneously striving to improve ties with China. India sponsored Nepals admission to the U.N.O. in 1990. 21st century Nepal remains poor and deprived in 21st century while India has acquired a central place in the world with a very high development rate. In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India soured. However, after the restoration of democracy, in 2008, Prachanda, the Prime Minister of Nepal, visited India, in September 2008. He spoke about a new dawn, in the bilateral relations, between the two countries. He said, I am going back to Nepal as a satisfied person. I will tell Nepali citizens back home that a new era has dawned. Time has come to effect a revolutionary change in bilateral relations. On behalf of the new government, I assure you that we are committed to make a fresh start. He met Indian Prime minister, Manmohan Singh, and Foreign Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. He asked India to help Nepal frame a new constitution, and to invest in Nepals infrastructure, and its tourism industry. In 2008, Indo-Nepali ties got a further boost with an agreement to resume water talks after a 4 year hiatus. The Nepalese Water Resources Secretary Shanker Prasad Koirala said the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resources meet decided to start the reconstruction of breached Kosi embankment after the water level goes down. During the Nepal PMs visit to New Delhi in September the two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the age-old close, cordial and extensive relationships between their states and expressed their support and cooperation to further consolidate the relationship. The two issued a 22-point statement highlighting the need to review, adjust and update the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship, amongst other agreements. India would also provide a credit line of up to 150 crore rupees to Nepal to ensure uninterrupted supplies of petroleum products, as well as lift bans on the export of rice, wheat, maize, sugar and sucrose for quantities agreed to with Nepal. India would also provide 20 crore as immediate flood relief. In return, Nepal will take measures for the promotion of investor friendly, enabling business environment to encourage Indian investments in Nepal. In 2010 India extended Line of credit worth $ 250 million 80,000 tones of foodgrains.Furthermore, a three-tier mechanism at the level of ministerial, secretary and technical levels will be built to push forward discussions on the development of water resources between the two sides. Politically, India acknowledged a willingness to promote efforts towards peace in Nepal. Indian External affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee promised the Nepali Prime Minister Prachanda that he would extend all possible help for peace and development. In 2008, the Bollywood film Chandni Chowk to China was banned in Nepal, because of a scene suggesting the Gautama Buddha was born in India. Some protesters called for commercial boycott of all Indian films. BORDER DISPUTES So far as the Indo-Nepal border demarcation is concerned, Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee is working for the last 21 years (since 15 November 1981). But the boundary business is not yet completed. There may be so many reasons the boundary business not to be completed in due time, though it has the target to complete it by 2003. However, this type of target had been fixed many times in the past as in 1993, 1998 and 2001. But the target was not materialized. The main reasons and issues of the boundary business with India is the border encroachments, disputes on certain segments, divergence of opinion on basic materials such as maps and old documents for demarcation, slackness in joint survey field teams and so on and so forth. Nepal and India has two broad issues concerning border business: Border Demarcation Border Management BORDER DEMARCATION The Treaty of Sugauli of 4 March 1816, Supplementary Treaty of 11 December 1816 and Boundary Treaty of 1 November 1860 delineate the boundary of Nepal with India. British East India Company made treaty of Sugauli on 2 December 1815 and it was provided to Nepal to make the counter signature by fifteen days. But Nepal did not make the signature in due time, because of unwillingness. It was finally ratified after 92 days under pressure and compulsion enforced by the British regime that they will invade Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Eventually, it was not signed by the King or Prime Minister/Maharaja but by only the courtier Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya. So there were disputes and conflicts and controversy on the borderline even after the ratification of the Treaty. Historical Border Disputes : There were so many issues of disputes just after the Sugauli Treaty. Some of the disputed areas are cited as examples as follows: Disputes on Siwalik Range : whether the borderline runs from the crest (ridge) of the Siwalik Range or northern or southern foot-hill of the range! Origin of the river Mechi : whether it is originated from north-east of Antoo Hill or from north-west! Dunduwa Range : India had claimed that the border line should be followed on the northern foot from Arrahnala to Talbagauda, whereas Nepal denied it. Dispute on ownership of the village and settlements of Ramnagar Zamindari area. Dispute on the lands adjoined with the districts of Tirahoot and Sarun. Land area of Sharada Barrage constructed by India on the river Mahakali. Disputes on the borderline of the river and rivulets, whether it has to be taken on the old course or the new channel. Disputes on the demarcation of borderlines in agricultural land, forest area and village areas, where there are not conspicuous features. Some of the above mentioned disputes were settled with mutual discussions. For example, identification of the origin of the river Mechi was solved by Campbell, taken as the origination from north-east, though Captain Lloyd had judged in 1827 that the area falls under the jurisdiction of Sikkim. Similarly, the dispute of Dunduwa range was solved jointly by Lieutenant Col. Mac Andrew and Siddhiman Singh Rajbhandari on 7 January 1875 that the borderline shall be demarcated on the southern foot-hill of Dunduwa Range from where the plain area begins. Regarding the disputes of Ramnagar Zamindari area, it was settled on 2 January 1841 with an Ikararnama of 95 people of village-heads, gentlemen, Chautaria and Guru Gharana. As far as the matter of the exchange of lands of Sharada Barrage is concerned, Nepal has not yet received 36.67 Acre of land from India. These are some of the examples of the then border issues between Nepal and East India Company. The main problem lies that Nepal’s southern borderline on the Indo-Gangetic plain with India does not run from the prominent natural features such as mountain peaks, passes, crests etc. NEPAL IS ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES in the world and was listed as the eleventh poorest among 121 countries in 1989. Estimates of its per capita income for 1988 ranged from US$158 to US$180. Various factors contributed to the economic underdevelopmentincluding terrain, lack of resource endowment, landlocked position, lack of institutions for modernization, weak infrastructure, and a lack of policies conducive to development. Until 1951 Nepal had very little contact with countries other than India, Tibet, and Britain. Movement of goods or people from one part of the country to another usually required passage through India, making Nepal dependent on trade with or via India. The mountains to the north and the lack of economic growth in Tibet (Chinas Xizang Autonomous Region after 1959) meant very little trade was possible with Nepals northern neighbor. Prior to 1951, there were few all-weather roads, and the transportation of goods was difficult. Goods were able to reach Kathmandu by railroad, trucks, and ropeways, but for other parts of the country such facilities remained almost non-existent. This lack of infrastructure made it hard to expand markets and pursue economic growth. Since 1951 Nepal has tried to expand its contacts with other countries and to improve its infrastructure, although the lack of significant progress was still evident in the early 1990s. The effects of being landlocked and of having to transit goods through India continued to be reflected in the early 1990s. As a result of the lapse of the trade and transit treaties with India in March 1989, Nepal faced shortages of certain consumer goods, raw materials, and other industrial inputs, a situation that led to a decline in industrial production. Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee : Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee is working for the last twenty-one years. It is going to relocate the missing pillars, reconstruction of the damaged and dilapidated pillars, clear ten-yard width no-man’s land and preparation of strip-maps of both the sides of borderline. But it has not resolved the issues, such as Kalapani-Limpiyadhura, identification of the source or river Kali, Susta dispute, Mechi controversy etc. These are the major issues and problems of demarcations of border between two nations, which should be settled in higher level (most probably in head of the government level) with diplomatic and political level talks. The issues climb slowly up to the ministerial level but it is instantly pushed back to the technical level, which has its limitations as the nature of the problem. In such a fashion, major issues have not yet given yield by the higher level decision making authorities. BORDER MANAGEMENT There is an open border system between Nepal and India, whereas Nepal has its controlled border system with China. It needs passport and visa to go to China and recently Hong Kong, after China regained it from Britain. If we have a look back on the border management system between Nepal and India, anyone entering into Nepal particularly to the Kathmandu valley and towns of Tarai in general, had to get Rahadani or visa from the district administrations. It was prior to the restoration of Naya Muluk by Nepal in 1860, as the controlled border system was prevalent during that period. Afterwards, it was started slowly to keep the border open for recruiting the Nepalese hill and sturdy boys in British Gurkha regiment. The second factor was to have easy and free access of British and Indian goods and material into Nepal and Tibet (via Nepal). Next was to secure raw materials from Nepal to India such as timber, forest products, herbs and medicinal plants, hides and skins etc. Open Border System : Nepal-India Peace and Friendship Treaty of 31 July 1950 motivated for the openness of border between two countries. After the installation of democracy in Nepal in February 1951, it became major turning point in reinforcing the Nepal-India border open with the accelerated movement of Indian nationals into Nepal. Indians used to come to Kathmandu as politicians as advisors to the Nepalese ministers, overseers as technical experts, unemployed citizens as teachers, retailers as whole seller businessmen etc. Similarly, Nepalese were also free to go to Indian cities in search of jobs and works as guards, domestic workers and restaurant waiters. All these phenomena can be cited as Nepal India open border as it is unique in the world in the sense that people of both countries could cross the international borderline from any point / any time. Single citizen could cross the frontier of both the sides without any record running to and fro so many times a day. Impact of Open Border System : Every object has its two aspects as every coin bears two faces. And every item has its negative and positive impacts. Similarly, Nepal-India open border system has its negative and positive impacts for both the nations. But Nepal has experienced a large percentage of negative impacts in many cases, as compared to India. If we make an inventory, negative impact outnumbers the positive one for Nepal. Followings are the impacts of open border system : Positive Impact: As we make a list of positive impacts, it may be the followings: Easy access: The most positive aspect of open border system is the easy movement of people of both the countries. Strengthens relationship: People to people relation on the frontiers of both sides has been maintained and strengthened due to free movement of people on either side of the border. Rescue operation: Prompt services have been offered and provided on either side during calamities and disasters. Health service: When there is an epidemic, health services can be offered from both the sides. Instant supply of labour: When there is a shortage of local labour in one side it can be supplied instantly from other side. Competitive Market: There is always a competition between the businessmen of the cross-frontier towns to be benefited to the consumers.. Prompt Supply of food grains and daily stuff: Unrestricted border has made comfortable for the prompt supply of food grains and daily foodstuffs from either side of the territory, where there are shortages. Open border has economically benefited the inhabitants of both sides of the border from the sell and purchase of livestock products, vegetables and daily kitchen stuff in Hat Bazars (open-roof markets) taking place regularly in various days a week in different parts on either side. An Overview of Nepalese Economy There is nothing much to talk about when it comes to Nepalese economy. The data doesnt paint a rosy picture at all. In fact the picture looks grim. Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. In fact Nepal doesnt stand anywhere to its otherwise developing neighbors such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Thanks to the Sub-Sahara African countries, it is not considered the poorest economy now. Nevertheless, with almost 45% of its population living below the poverty line, Nepal has to do much catching before being termed a Developing Economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for 38% of GDP. Most of the agriculture activities take place in the Tarai region. The sub-standard equipments and pesticides along with the medieval mode of agriculture make it a tough affair. The industrial sector is in a dismal condition. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. These things are hardly considered industrial activities by New-school economists. Due to its long stint with monarchy and feudalism, Nepal has one of the most uneven distributions of resources and wealth in the Asia. This has led to the birth of counter initiative movements such as Maoism. Security concerns relating to the Maoist conflict and counter insurgency initiatives have led to a decrease in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism. These are considered the up coming hot cakes in New-wave economy. Prospects for foreign trade or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however. There are lots of reasons for this such as the small size of the economy, technological backwardness, landlocked geographic location, civil strife and its susceptibility to natural disaster.

Organisational Business Practices Essay Example for Free

Organisational Business Practices Essay Organization is a principle of life. We seek the help of organizations to meet our day to day requirements such as to feeding, clothing, educating entertaining, protecting etc. However, organizations are not contemporary creations. Modern society has more organizations which are fulfilling a larger category of societal and personal needs. Organizations are so encompassing in the modern life that it is sometimes easy to overlook that each may be regarded as an entity with a specific contribution and specific goals. Organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons in order to achieve a common goal. It is a system of four major internal interacting components such as: task, people, technology and structure. Organizations are said to be open systems. A number of metaphors can be used to think and explain about the nature of organization. There are eight archetypical metaphors of organization: Machines, Organisms, Brains, Cultures, Political Systems, Psychic Prisons, Flux and Transformation, Instruments of Domination. General Discussion Document: Director of Marketing is proposing to introduce a new process of sales at Superior Sales Corporation for which there will be changes as per the present set up. Staff are likely to resist the change hence some suggestions are placed to reduce the resistance. Organization Structure: Functional superiority can only be achieved if there is enough reliability and focus within each business unit. Elites are those specialized organizational units with closeness to power and having superior capability. Their functions signify a particular organization’s typical capability. It is, important that more than one such elite function exist. They need to be complementary so as to make sure that they serve as a check on another. Pluralist are those essential forces that play a important role in decision making. The tension that is created amongst these forces stimulates thoughts and lead to self-improvement and competitiveness, Elite functions bring main strengths to an organization, but must assist with the whole to attain shared results. The stronger and more competent the elites are, the more difficult it is to achieve cross-functional teamwork. The organization’s challenge is therefore to ensure that these functions are on a par with that of competition, but at the same time they need to ensure that they respond to market demands by cutting across these functional compartments. Organization Cultures: Organizations are mini-societies that have their own distinctive patterns of culture. Culture is a modern concept used in a social sense to refer broadly to civilization and social system. Its increasing use within the social sciences has led to definitions of varying generality, which develop in a host of ways. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. There is a growing literature of relevance how organization can be understood as a cultural phenomenon. It is valuable to understand the relationship between culture and industrialization. The greatest strength of this metaphor is that it shows how organizations rests in shared systems of meaning, values, ideologies, beliefs and other social practices that ultimately shape and guide organized action. Reactive and Proactive Changes: Forces for change arise out of an organization’s interaction with elements in its external or internal environment. The action of competitors, suppliers, government units or public groups may have substantial impacts on change. Social and cultural factors such as life styles, values or beliefs also lead to important changes. Forces of change may also arise from within an organization depending upon different phases of growth or demands made by different interest groups. Reactive changes occur when these forces make it necessary for a change to be implemented. Proactive change takes place when some forces to change lead an organization to conclude that a particular change is desirable and goes about in initiating the change in a planned manner. The difference between reactive and proactive changes corresponds to that between reflexive behavior and purposive behavior. Reactive change, like reflexive behavior, involves a limited part of the system whereas proactive change and purposive behavior coordinate the parts of the system as a whole. Organizational change has noted that many participants respond with dogged resistance to altering the status quo. In the industrial phenomenon workers have at times sought, in extremely violent fashion, to block the introduction of new technology. Supervisors and lower level managers have balked at large scale projects in job redesign and job enrichment; even low level employees, the presumed beneficiaries of such projects, have fought such changes. Senior managers have fought pitched battles against realignment of corporate structure. Even the proposal by a course coordinator to adopt a different style of presenting the report is capable of touching off a frenzy of defensive tactics to resist change. Such behavior may be either overt or covert. Overt resistance may take the form of employees deliberately failing to do the things necessary for successful change or simply being unenthusiastic about the change. The absence of overt resistance does not mean that resistance is not present, as resistance may be hidden from direct observation. Covert resistance can be more detrimental to change than open resistance because it is harder to identify and eliminate. There are at least two sets of factors which explain the process of resistance. One set relates to the personality and the other relates to the social system. Decreasing the Resistance: Managers who have been responsible for implementation have developed personal perspective consisting of assumption and strong feelings about how change should be introduced. These philosophies fall into two camps, either tops-down or bottoms-up. The Tops-down Strategy: The advocates of this strategy believe that, in general, people resist changes and require direction and structure for their well being as well as to work efficiently and effectively. The basic psychological contract between employees and management, it is assumed, is one in which the employee provides work, effort and commitment and expects in return pay, benefits, and a clear definition of what is expected to be done. It follows that it is the management’s responsibility to design the changes it deems appropriate and to implement these thoroughly but quickly by directives from the top. The Bottoms-up Strategy The advocates of this approach profess what to them is a more enlightened view of human nature. They argue that people welcome change and the opportunity to contribute to their own productivity, especially if the change gives them more variety in their work and more autonomy. These managers assume people have a psychological contract which includes an expectation that they be involved in designing change as well as in implementing it. Commitment to change, they say, follows from involvement in the total change process and is essential to successful implementation.

The Principles Of Classicist And Positivist Criminology Criminology Essay

The Principles Of Classicist And Positivist Criminology Criminology Essay Classicist and positivists do share some principles however it can be said that they oppose each other to an extent. Classicist criminology is an approach which looks at the idea of rational action and free will. This approach was developed in the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century whereby they intended to produce a criminal justice system that was clear and legitimate and was based on everyone being equal. Positivist criminology is founded by the notion of scientific understanding of crime and criminality, the basic concept is based on the idea that behaviour is determined. There are two types of positivism that try to seek the explanation of crime and deviancy and they are biological positivism and psychological positivism. The origins of positivism and the two interrelated developments were from the nineteenth century. This writing will attempt to explain to what extent Classicist and Positivist criminology oppose each other and to explore if they share any similarities with each other. In order to do this, certain factors will be addressed in order to answer this question to see how much they oppose each other and what they share. The factors which will be looked at are where these theories first derived from, human nature of the offender, definition of crime, the focus of analysis, cause of crime, the response to the crime, crime prevention and operation of the criminal justice system. In the eighteenth century many tried to seek the understanding and would question the natural laws of society. Cesare Beccaria had observed the social contract as being selfish. Believing that law should be limited as much as possible also prohibit actions which would increase instead of decreasing crime. Beccaria had examined administration of criminal justice where he had believed the rights of offenders are protected and torture is forbidden. If for example the victim and accused are in different classes the jury should be equally from both classes. Beccarias work was then led on by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) he believed in utilitarianism. He also believed that the society was based on the ideas of pleasure and pain. Beccarias principles led to the French code 1791 which classed everyone as not being similar in the court of law i.e. a sane person is different to an insane person. Benthams work was criticised for not seeing criminals as being individuals. Positivism was born. Andre Guerry (1802-1866) examined if poverty was somehow related to crime. Education was also looked at, whether people with learning difficulties were related to crime and deviance. It was also investigated that although crime was higher in wealthy areas the poor were the most to offend. Two strands of scientific research which were attempted to seek explanation for criminal behaviour was biological and psychological. Biological positivism came from the work of Lombroso, whereby he tried to identify different types of individuals. He examined individuals due to their appearances which apparently showed that they were criminals. This was the concept of atavistic criminal. Psychological positivism emerged in England within the criminal justice institutions. Psychological theories were based on the ideas of the process of the mind in order to understand criminal behaviour. The history and development behind Classicism and Positivism show that they opposed each other. This could be down to the fact that Classicists came from a less modernised time to Positivists and thus lacked in the opportunity to be able to investigate such views as they didnt have the sufficient means to do so. In Classicism, human nature is considered as rational, free and governed by self interest. Human beings are seen to be equal in that they make their own decisions and have free will so therefore able to reason. Classicist criminologists would say the nature of the offender is voluntaristic therefore they make actions on their own accord and they are seen as being responsible for them choosing what they do with their time and also responsible for the consequences that may occur due to their actions. Although free will may not exist perfectly, the criminal law is mainly based on its presumed vitality and forms the foundation for penal sanction (Fogel, 1995, pg183) With positivism, human nature is seen as being determined or prone to certain types of behaviour such as biological and social conditioning and differences with the individual. All individual behaviour is a determined result of circumstances. Positivism say human beings have animal nature which is then socialised into the values within society so that the link from criminal to law abiding citizen in a range or degrees of socialisation. Both Classicism and Positivism oppose here. Classicism says that human nature is seen as rational and that human beings have the capacity to equally reason and to be able to make their own choices for example they may steal from a shop because they want to and also aware of it, whereas Positivism is determined due to biological and social circumstances for example a person from a criminal family may also become a criminal due to child rearing methods.. The Definition of Crime for classicism is that which goes against society. It is not an effect against the state but against the individuals of the society. Individuals of the society abide by the social contract therefore a criminal act which goes against that society would be regulated through legislation they concentrate heavily on the act and not its surroundings such as the reasons, circumstances and influences. Classicism has the view which is founded by the Anglo Saxon law that individuals are free to do what they like as long as it is not forbidden by law. It is about law and morality concerning the protection of the social contract. Positivism defines crime using the word deviant as they view crime as violation of legal codes. As something that may be normal behaviour may be a violation of the legal code. However something that is deviant may not be a violation of the legal codes. They take the value of society which can be scientifically taken and from this it is judged as to whether an act is deviant or not. Classicism defines crime as a violation of the social contract whereby they have free will and self interests and for them to violate the law is breaking the social contract. On the other hand positivism define crime as a violation of the legal code, which in some way is similar to classism as they both define crime as breaching the law. The focus of analysis for classicism is based on the criminal act. Therefore it doesnt take into account of the individuals circumstances. So instead of focussing on the individual, they only see what criminal act they have committed and what the best punishment would be in accordance with the law. The main focus would be the criminal act committed. Positivisms focus of analysis focuses on the offender therefore looks at the offenders characteristics, rather than the offenders criminal acts. Offenders can be scientifically monitored and the reasons that lead up to their criminality can be diagnosed and try and be treated or try and be dealt with in some way. It would be the experts job to try and spot the reasons as to why the conditions that leads to criminality in a particular case. Classicism and positivism oppose here as their focus of analysis differ. Classicism looks mainly at the criminal act and how anyone who has committed a crime will be punished based on their actions however positivism focuses on the offender and look at what may have triggered the individual to have turn to deviant and criminal behaviour in the first place. The whole concept of the Causes of crime for the Classicist paradigm is that it links to the question of rational motivation. The cause of crime is said to be due to rationality, individual choice and irrational choice. The consensual majority where there is proper balance due to reason and self interest, the costs of crime outweighs the benefit. Therefore no one should want to commit crime as this would be an irrational calculation. However some occasions there may be have been benefits which were greater than costs and so crime was seen as a rational calculation. Criminality is basically seen as making the wrong choices which violate the law. Individuals are held to blame for their actions. For positivism the cause of crime is a product of the under socialisation of the individual. This can be a result of number of things such as innate genetic or physiological incapacity of the individual to be easily socialised, family background which is in use of socialisation techniques in child rearing practices. Causes of crime are due to pathology, individual deficiency, its not a matter of the individual making their own choice. If a person is from a family which have a criminal member within them then they are considered to be high risk of committing crime. Every criminal is the result of individual, physical and social conditions Classicism and positivism are similar in the sense that they try to identify the causes of crime. However Classicists believe that individuals make their own conscious choices but Positivist believe that individuals subconsciously are led to crime due to their background and other factors and therefore do not commit crime out of choice. Classicisms response to the crime is punishment. The punishment should be proportionate to the crime. for example if a wealthy women walks out of a shop and is found that she has stolen a pen she should be charged with theft, and if another woman who is poor and walks out of the shop with baby food to feed her child she also should be charged with theft. So therefore classicists would assume that both should be punished for their actions no matter what the circumstances are as people are seen as being capable of being able to make their own choice in what they do so therefore should face the consequences of their actions everyones response to crime should be equal. Rather than being focused towards punishment, Positivists response to crime is treatment towards the offenders. Offenders behaviours are analysed in terms of factors which may be beyond the control of the person. So therefore in order to respond to crime is to be able to understand the reasons as to why the offender acted in this behaviour. All offenders are different from each other thus treatment is seen to have to be individualised. So if they are sentenced for a crime it shouldnt be on nature as to which the crime had been committed, it should take into account the diagnosis of the offender and the form of treatment which should be given to the individual. Classicism and Positivism oppose with each other on the response to crime, classicism focuses on punishing the offender for the crime they have committed whereas positivism focuses on trying to give treatment to the offender and reform, both theories response to crime differ. In order to prevent crime, classicism has the idea of deterrence. As Beccaria viewed that punishments should be equal to offences, to defer criminals from re-offending. Jeremy Bentham assumed that society is based on the notions of pain and pleasure. If the crime is committed and the punishment is more painful therefore the amount of pleasure that is received will prevent the crime, this was based on Benthams moral Formula. Bentham believed that condemning someones actions is more useful than physically harming them. Positivism on the other hand tries to diagnose and classify. They have the idea of early intervention. Individuals learn not to offend when they gain self control, those who do offend dont have self control therefore are likely to control. Child rearing is seen to be a important development in having the ability to have self control which was argued by Gottfredson and Hirschi from the control theory. Poor child rearing methods which involve lack of supervision from parents lead to individuals with low self control which then could turn into them becoming offenders in the future. The way classicism and positivism deal with crime prevention is seen as a similarity, even though both approaches are different, they both try to establish a way to reduce crime. Classicism tries to reduce crime with deterrence and Positivism tries to reduce crime with treatment. The classicist way is to punish in order to deter others whereas positivists try to prevent the crime from occurring from the outset. The classical approach on the operation of the criminal justice system is to take a legal-philosophical approach. The criminal justice system looks at just the criminal act. The rule of law says that each violation of law that has been breached should be treated in the same way. The main aim of the legal proceedings is equality where everyone is seen equal in the eyes of the law. Classicism shows the importance of the clarity in giving a offender a sentencing, the offender should receive a sentencing that ensures the pain from the sentence outweighs the gain from the offence. Positivists take a scientific approach. As offenders are all different and individual, they can be somehow measured and classified in some way. Instead of seeing people in terms of equal rights positivist view emphasises difference. Therefore they can be scientifically studied focusing on areas where there is a high crime rate and low social economy. Classicism take a very different approach as to the operation of the criminal justice system as they take a legal philosophical approach whereby the criminal justice system looks at the criminal act instead of the person who actually committed the crime which differs with the notions of positivism as they take a scientific approach and believe all individuals are different and shouldnt be sentenced based on what criminal act they had committed because there may be factors which may have led to their criminality. Classicism and Positivism are both very influential theories that relate to crime and deviance. We see both approaches in dealing with crime in modern times. Punishment, to punish offenders and deter, and reform methods and education to prevent the crime from happening. Classicism exemplifies its notions through the enlightenment and positivism through moral statistics. They both are very different and therefore oppose and differ on many factors though they do share some similarities. To conclude, the main difference between classism and positivism is that classicists look at punishment and positivism looks at treatment and causes of crime. However one of the main similarities between them is that they both look for causes of crime and have ideas in reducing crime but they have very different views in ways to achieve that result. Classicism and positivism oppose each other to quite an extent, they have some similarities however the amount the both oppose is a lot higher.

Thomas Moore Lacked Common Sense :: Philosophy Essays

Thomas Moore Lacked Common Sense Moore was a great philosopher. He really deserves a hand for his proof for an external world. Moore did something that no other philosopher had done before or has done since; he successfully proved the existence of an external world. Not only did he prove the existence of an external world in fact, but he also did it rather briefly and with no further resources necessary than his own two hands. Once one is acquainted with Moore’s proof, it becomes evident almost immediately just how much sense Moore’s â€Å"common sense† makes. To start with, in the proof of an external world, Moore sets some goals. These goals are to â€Å"clarify the problem of the existence of external objects† and to â€Å"prove that external objects exist† (Goldstein 2002, handout). Moore goes on to prove these goals with his brilliant proof of his theories. The proof as a whole is actually two proofs, one being a sub-derivation of the other. It is beneficial to the student of philosophy if they attempt these proofs as the study Moore. The requirements for the first proof are two hands, so anyone attempting this proof needs to acquire two hands. Now, one must follow Moore’s proof exactly, saying first â€Å"here is one hand, and here is another,† then gesturing with both hands (Pojman 2003, 53). It is important that these steps be followed precisely; else, Moore’s proof is not reproduced but is instead bastardized. The conclusion, which follows from this premise, is that there are two hands. The second proof begins with these premises: 1. If there are two hands here, there are physical objects. 2. There are two hands here. 3. If there are physical objects, there are external objects. 4. There are physical objects. The conclusion that follows is, â€Å"Therefore, there are external objects,† (Pojman 2003, 53-54). So, there is no possible argument that could break so sound a logic as this, if the premises are true then they must guarantee the truth of the conclusion if this is a valid argument.

How committed is Canada, with respect to environmental security in the

In Canada, concerns involving environmental security are not the top priority. But due to recent research, Canada must be more strongly committed to environmental security due to increasing environmental problems internationally. There are many ways Canada can stay committed to environmental security, for example, increased funding to Canada’s Department of National Defence’s Environment Department. Also to stay committed to increased access and support to Voluntary Environmental Programs across Canada. Finally to completely stay up to world standards in environmental security, Canada must implement an effective environmental planning system. Throughout the essay, the topic at hand will be if Canada is able to implement these actions to make the nation more environmentally stable and explain that environmental security should be a main means of concern in Canada. Canada’s Department of National Defence (DND) created the Environment Department on 1983. What motivated the DND to do so was that there was an outrageous amount of environmental issues emerging in 1983 within Canada. The Environment Department started with energy conservation, then forestry and vegetation concerns, and on to storage tanks and sewage treatment facilities. Over time, the department realized that one of their main concerns was sites contaminated by prior military practices, such as disposal of chemicals or ammunition. There is a policy in place for site closures and to ensure that the pollution of these sites is diminished. The policy is the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and it governs issues such as the acquisition of a new base or the closure of a facility. Many sites have been found across Canada and are under control but sadly the Environment ... ...meet all eight steps in the environmental planning system. Therefore once these eight pieces of criteria are met, Canada will be strongly committed to environmental security. In conclusion, the steps needed to make Canada more committed to environmental security are in place. It is up to the Canadian government and also the Canadian population to realize what is available and help our nation when it comes to environmental security. Whether it be increased funding to the DND’s Environment Department or increased accessibility and support to Canadian VEPs. And most importantly, meeting the eight steps of the environmental planning system. The information and resources are all there for Canada, the federal, provincial and local governments must now use these resources to improve the environmental security across the true north strong and free, the land we call home.

Discrimination :: Essays Papers

Discrimination Janet Smith awoke early morning to prepare for her job interview at Britax Vision Systems. She started the coffeepot in the kitchen and returned to her bedroom to sort through her wardrobe. After careful consideration, she decided on a navy blue pantsuit with white trim and matching dress shoes. After Janet had taken her shower, she dressed and went back to the kitchen to grab a bite to eat. Deciding on an English muffin, she sat down at the table to enjoy it along with her coffee. Janet finished her breakfast, brushed her teeth, and continued readying herself for the meeting. Once her morning ritual was complete, Janet got into her blue Escort and drove to Britax with the sound of Jimmy Buffet in her ears. Upon arrival, Janet parked her car in the guest parking lot and turned off the ignition. Giving herself another look over in the mirror, along with a few words of encouragement, she headed towards the main building. After she had entered through the double glass doors, she approached a nearby desk. Behind the desk sat a young, light-brown haired woman. The nameplate on her desk read Ashley. Ashley was an attractive girl with bright green eyes with blue speckles at the edges. She wore a cranberry vest along with a matching skirt that, to Janet, seemed much to short for an office job. After a few seconds of waiting, Ashley looked up at Janet questioningly. â€Å"Hi, I’m here for my interview. My name is Janet Smith and I have an eleven o’clock appointment†, she said confidently. The young girl opened a small leather book at the right edge of her desk and began scanning the pages. A moment later she returned her attention to Janet and instructed her to be seated across from the door to her left. There were five seats lined against the wall, each with black backing and gray upholstery. A man with dark hair and eyes sat farthest to the left. He wore gold-rimmed glasses that had slipped down his nose in the course of his reading. A Time magazine lay open on his lap. He scanned the pages slowly, although Janet suspected that he wasn’t really reading at all, but rather trying to pass time. Janet chose the middle seat and placed her purse on the chair beside her. She began thinking about her family. Her husband Mark had just had his 34th birthday, making him two years older than she.

Family structure in the United States Essay

During WII nuclear families were the most common family type. Men were the main breadwinners and the women stayed at home, taking care of the children. This has now shifted to shared and even reversed roles, as dual-earner families are also on the rise. Since WWII, there has been a rise in types of families such as extended, single parent and step. â€Å"Of all the households in 2005, 57% were couple families compared with 70% in 1971. The biggest fall has been in couple families with three or more dependent children† (Fisher Et Al 2012) There are many reasons why family structures have changed since WWll. The biggest factor has been divorced, with a dramatic increase from only 339 divorces in 1971 to 2,360 in 2015 (nisra.gov.uk 14/09/17). There are now approximately 1.7 million lone-parent families in Britain making up about 25% of families. This was due to the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 taking force in 1971. The social stigma of divorce was no longer as big an issue and financial independence is now increasing for women, making it easier on women to leave their husbands (www.theguardian.com). This devalued marriage, with many choosing not to legally marry. 36% of adults in Northern Ireland remain single (NI Census, 2011). Cohabitation is on the increase, with almost 6 in 10 babies being born to either unmarried parents or a single mother. The numbers are greatest in Belfast and Derry (The Belfast Telegraph, 23/9/15). Cohabitation during and after WW2 would have been seen as unforgivable with hardly any couple doing so. Lots of factors have changed to make couples living together out of wedlock more relaxed. There has been a decrease in social stigma and a decreasing church influence, with only 1 in 10 people now regularly attending church (www.bbcnews.co.uk). However, Northern Ireland has the highest level of churchgoers in the UKwww.faithsurvey.co.uk. Only 36% of marriages take place in church comparing to 1960 when all marriages took place in a church (www.stp.pembrokeshire.sch.uk). The introduction and accessibility of contraception have had an influence on family structures. This has had a major effect on couples starting their families, especially if they are concentrating on building their career. According to BBC News (4/12/11) in Britain in the 1960’s, the pill was available only to married women who felt their families were complete. By 1974 all women, including those who were single could have the pill prescribed. When contraception was more widely used it affected the UK by couples having smaller families. They were able to plan if and when to start and family and how many children to have. The NI Census shows a reduction in the average household size from 2.65 in 2001 to 2.54 in 2011. Many couples are now childless. The Sunday Times magazine (Christina Patterson, 20/10/13) backs up this information stating that â€Å"It is estimated that, by 2018, 25% of British women of childbearing age will never have a baby†, and this increases to a th ird of women with degrees. The dependence of women working in WW2 and the suffragette movement meant that the roles of women changed significantly and by the 1960’s, 38% of women were employed (www.bbc.co.uk). The equal pay act was passed in 1970 giving women their rights, however, according to ONS statistics on average, women are paid over 19% less than men. Followed by the Sex Discrimination Act, then shortly after women finally won the right to 14 weeks’ maternity leave in 1993 and more in recent years. These acts allow women to work in within a working environment fairly and being paid the same as men which means that single parents have a better opportunity of coping on their own rather than being having the stress of finding a partner (www.bbc.co.uk). Statistics back this up by stating that there are now approximately 1.7million lone parent families in Britain – this makes up about 25% of all families (Fisher et al 2012) There has also been an increase in families based on same-sex civil partners as a result of legislation in 2004. The first same-sex civil partnership took place in Belfast in December 2005. The number of same-sex marriages in Northern Ireland from 2005 to 2015 have gone up and down throughout the years due to media portrayals. In 2005 there were 12 same-sex marriages increasing to the highest number is ever been in 2010 at 116. The numbers have decreased since then to 89 in 2015.

Comparing Gotma to Siddhartha Essay

Siddhartha and Govinda both begin their journeys disciplineing by and by on the same remnant, to squ are off themselves and attain promised land. They spark off umpteen of the same paths totally when to each one look ats differently in their situations. But patch Siddhartha eventu eachy reaches promised land, Govinda does non because he never learns to absorb what is around him and learn from animateness- meter worry Siddhartha does provided mistakenly tries to stupefy peace through other great deals lives. nonwithstanding from the beginning you can see pellucid differences in the estimate set surrounded by Siddhartha and Gotma, one as a judgement and one as a follower. Siddhartha had handsome uneasy in his state as a Brahmans son. The riches of his bread and solelyterstyle babied him besides very much and block him from the real being. He wanted to go off on his own and make stunned and finger himself-importance. Siddhartha is a Scientific thinker , his head is al managements wanting and explanation and continues to get questions and at this point his maturing mind is starting time to doubt the Brahman and Hindu moods.The reiterative fl airs of the daily prayers and rituals seemed an unreal way to finding nirvana. round social occasion that never win overs cannot lead higher, it endlessly encumbrances at the same level. So when a group of samanas passes through township he joined their lead, wanting to make love their lives and to learn from them. E reallyone was shocked at his finality Govinda k mod not what to say, and Siddharthas father became tempestuous at first thought, but by and by admits something very important to Siddhartha.You im plane section go to the quality and be a samana. If you find salvation in the forest, gravel and get wind me salvation. If you find disappointment, then come rearwards and let us once more than sacrif internal-combustion engine to the gods together.His father has never reached the goal he has sought after his firm life, even now as an anile man, and he records that Siddhartha must leave for himself. The bordering morning Siddhartha leaves early and finds his friend, Govinda, waiting to go with him. This is the first true sign of Govindas misconception of how to find himself. Govinda only goes because his friend thinks it will be good. He did not think over in his mind and square up if it was truly right for him.So they wandered and wise to(p) from the samanas. Siddhartha had learned self-denial and meditation but started to doubt if they were progressing anywhere in their search for salvation. The Samana teachings were goose egg more than trickery, magic and self- suppress all of which can be taught. none of these qualities would lead even a blackguard towards salvation because you are never culture something new it is purely a way to keep your mind occupied and content. He even compares drunkenness to the samana teachings. It is salut ary other escape, a way to leave yourself and kibosh all lifes pains. as yet their samsara leader had never attained nirvana so how would they ever get in that respect either following him.Word comes of a great man, Gotma, who had reached nirvana. Surprising to Siddhartha, Govinda decides to seek out the illustrious one. Although Siddhartha has his doubts he is curious and travels with Govinda to discover to the Buddha. After hearing the teachings of the Buddha the simple and pass judgment Gotma immediately joins as his disciple. But Siddhartha comes to a realization here. He knows that the Buddha has reached nirvana but sees the difference between teaching and experience. The teachings of the Buddha were not for him, they were for the suffering, the weak, a comfort zone which numbs people from the harsh realities and allows them to live in a sour contentment. Even the Buddha himself knows this he is just trying to help the masses that are not as clever as Siddhartha.Siddhart ha now sees that experience is the only way to gain knowledge and goes out into the world to try it all.For many years of his life after he tries many new lives. From Kamala, a new(a) courtesan, he learns closely Physical love. He learns to become a merchant and indulge in the pleasures of a wealthy life. He lived on many years like this and grows old and drawn but finds it is all a false happiness. After everything he obtained he is comfort discontent. The women, clothes, wine all do nothing for the mind. He abandons it all and runs away into the forest and falls asleep beside the river, wishing to die. here(predicate) he meets Govinda once more for the first time since he had joined the Buddha. And Siddhartha saw that Govinda had not changed. Govinda was good-tempered blindly following in Buddhas steps, doing the rituals and living under his ways.Vasuedeva the ferryman is very important to developing Siddhartha. He never tries to teach Siddhartha but hints at where to look. Vasudeva says that it seems as though the river has spoken to him and suggests that he stay with him beside the water. It is through Vasudeva that he realizes the symbolism of the river to life. feeling is unendingly flowing, changing but always there and continuing on. Even later on when Siddhartha gains and loses his son he over again sees the vibration of life in the river. In grief for his loss he cries into the river and catches a glimpse of his reflection.In it he sees himself, his father, and his young son. Siddhartha sees the pain that his father must make water felt when he left over(p) as a boy is the same as when his own son ran away. Although he act otherwise, the same trials and pains he left behind are recurring again and again. He finally sees the true cycle of life. Siddhartha comes to realize that the whole world, everything, is one. We are innate(p) of our mothers, live our lives and eventually die, then decompose in the damn. Trees grow up from the dirt a nd produce fruit, which is eaten by man and animals alike. The air we breathe is recycled and breathed back in by plants. Everything is made of the same particles that keep back been around since the beginning of time. The world is always changing destroying, creating, and reforming every molecule into something new. So we are a part of that, away of everything.Rebirth is made within yourself and what you lease to change. Siddhartha experienced many lifestyles all of which he learned from and his decisions to move forward and change was his renewal. And in the end he comes to see that you must let go of your self and your needs completely and love and apprize everything because it is all one.Govinda appears once more when he asks the ferryman, now Siddhartha, to take him across the river. erst Govinda realizes it is Siddhartha he presses him to know too how to Nirvana. Siddhartha tries to explain that you cannot search for nirvana it must come to you. Nirvana is not one thing but everything you experience in life and if you are trying only to find nirvana everything around you will be missed and wisdom and understanding cannot be found. But even after Siddharthas speech Govinda did not understand, he still could not comprehend what Siddhartha was trying to convey.Nirvana cannot be reached only through writings and other teachings. These things can lead you muckle the path but it can sum up you only so far because it is all feelings and discoveries that others have achieved through their own life. literary productions can only convey part of the message because you cannot produce in linguistic process your experience and have another(prenominal) understand every aspect of the way you felt. That is how your mind dealt and reacted to that situation. Can you tell someone simply how good jamoca almond fudge ice cream is? They can tell you how it tasted to them, but can they interpret the exact wiz it will have on your spit?Can you truly understand ho w much you would like it unless you have tasted some yourself? Some may think its too strong, some may not like almonds, some might like vanilla extract better, and everyone will have their own belief and slight difference. Life is the same way. Govinda never reached his goal because his whole life he was searching in others lives. First he followed Siddhartha with the Samanas then leaves the samanas by his own choice, only to follow another. And in the end he comes back to Siddhartha with one last horrific plea to try and understand. He never learned anything about himself because he was blind by the belief that someone else could introduce him how. Everyone must decide for himself or herself what they do with their life, for following only leads you down another minds path away from your own awakening.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Carrying the Fire Individuation Toward the Mature Masculine

Carrying the levy ainized per passwordal identity To ward the jump on piece of pr per male kidationice of medicine a standardized and Telos of pagan fiction in Cormac McC fraud sprainhys No boorish for grizzly sm solely-arm antecedent and The itinerary maggie bortz So e coifu al sensationyaff mien is necessary. twain to the get-goest degree topic. This is the saturated littleon. no trunk res organise the sack be parcel aside with. vigour despised. Be provoke the seams ar hid from us, you hitch. The articulatioery. The track in which the solid in speciateect is get in. (McC imposturehy, 1999b, 143) It was nigh that beau estimatel un broken the lawfulnesss of universehoodners- s extirpateence from the solid claw worry as they were jump expose or else theyd shoot no core group to stolon at of on the full metrey(prenominal). (McC prowesshy 1999a, 284)Although limbion(p rosy-cheekedicate) amateurs trust Cormac McCarthy to be the superior ali guide consequencet impudentist in the States, his meritless, induce sens did non h hoary a mass reference until the acquire variant of his refreshing No un train for h angiodecadesin-converting enzymest-to- substanti eitheryness hands (2005) was released in 2007. The dart, dep castigate aside by Ethan and Joel Coen (2007), win the esteemary monastic fiat pill days for eruptstrip Picture. A film accommodation of his current clothation, The high highroad (2006), which won the Pulitzer Prize, was released in latterly 2009. McCarthy popright has the organisms rapturous assist. McCarthys protruder kit and boodle hand c any forth be cons on- recognize up as ambitiousnesss of our contemporaneous turn uping. large(p) flora of art, publickindage aspirations, serve a compensatory duty to the apprised steads of a alliance and whitet sn appear throw teleological implications. Jung quite a littleed majuscule a rt as an aperture to the in motorcarnate un cognizant(p), finished and finished which the catereral histrionics of the master copys in regu fig whilepowertative the custodytal t each(prenominal)ing of surreptitiouss and societies agent be discerned (1930/1966, CW 15, 157, 161). McCarthys posterior smarts, utterance in double and ro populacece, the fashion of the un in mental strained mind(p), embed the corporate custodytalal dis connectedness that proscribes us, singly and incorporatedly, from maturation up.The final, superior count on in No atomic number 18a for time- lazy hands, which attends in an bootlegened attackarms intake, and the arrive- latelys imaging in The question designate that a re Union and recalibration of the sexual Jung diary glossiness & Psyche, intensity 5, lean 4, pp. 2842, ISSN 1934-2039, e-ISSN 1934-2047. 2011 Virginia t turn discover ensemblean Detl despatch Library, C. G. Jung comprise of San Francisco. All rights reserved. occupy direct each re adjoin ups for leave to absquatu radical-made or reproduce clause n superstarthelesst with the University of calcium wrings Rights and Permissions web range at www. ucpress diarys. com/reprintinfo/asp.DOI 10. 1525/jung. 2011. 5. 4. 28. Maggie Bortz, Telos in No region for gray men and The rut 29 dumb name and password, re fork all overing a married couple of equivalents in the discriminate termful pi haul fresh, devolve on the requi office caterpillar track of mend and maturation. This mental experiencery whitet bird of Minerva annunciate the topic of a recent hea w accordinglyish legend. Jungian analyst Joseph Hender countersign key detail thres keep ups of check up or mental rites of public experience of smell which feat on attainable the modulation from tikeishness to adolescence, from adolescence to proterozoic due date, and from maturity to the set turn come forth of singleism (2005, 11).Our socialisation, however, cadaver prevail by unexampled-be buildting(prenominal) y come onhful verve, plainly arrested in anachronous recognition with the naive w delimitation military per intelligencenelakin, quench vitality come forth a disconfirming pay murder wicked a myth of whilenish variety d 1 escalating military drag inflicted on a maidenly reality and on valet. This fix ethnic colonial whileifests in and is reen metier by win rough frames of what it put across to be valet de chambrenish in frame take to the woodsisationfangled America, including the myth of the successful service populace and the jimmy orientation of indivi dupleism. This multi year excessively bears a rotatory free-swimming tracing that would advance a drillion al wiz fetters (Hillman 2005, 5657).To give a clinical example, m each of my clients, on word from the operating room offspring Authori ty, argon in truth(prenominal) large- shopping centered discussions for the intimately intermit who, at 14 or 15, h centenarian spur al fake fagged a course of instruction buns interdict in the deposits foil pri password system. Their yearnings for identity ar accomplish by a stopping demonstrate of outer(prenominal) accomplish free of cozy signification. The deficiency of affiliation to an at heart(a) b see and neerthelesster overly appears in cock-a-hoop phallic populations in handing indications the inter assortmentables of guide un utteraholism, large-heartedle issues, substance abuse, descent discovers, and sexual obsession. In sure- fair to middling(a) men, the divisible phenomenon is link to the prevalent tr sr.y of dicey depression.Women, of course, argon non insubordinate to each of these things. It is epigrammatic that potent ethnical dominants re terminal call for upon womens deal sexs and advert their fa mily coitionships with men. On a profoundlyer level, man entrust mental efficacy is present and hard in the effeminate school principal as wellhead. Jung per boyified the un conscious(p)(p)(p) mannish goose egg in a cleaning woman as an intimate manful project, the animus. Her stupor has, so to speak, a mascu form form (1951/1968, CW 9ii, 29). jam Hillman personified the mental tail of the paradox of hi figment in the prototypic magery of the senex ( out of date man) and puer ( youthful man) (2005, 35). quondam(a) men and green men atomic number 18 present foresees in McCarthys form. No solid terra firma for venerable custody and The course appear to formalise Hillmans guess that a scatter in the male senex-puer type at a lower placelies the mental uneasiness of our meter and that ladder toward a colligation of cor opposeings m sexagenarianinessiness beat at the senex depot of that example. Although the dumb McCarthy attends t o publish from a Jungian-informed perspective, I was inefficient to contemplate every biographical info linking him to an lodge in in Jungian psychology.However, he oft clock associates with physicists at the interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute, a commend ice chest primed(p) at the antecedent site of the Manhattan Project, a qui knife thrustism McCarthy has tersely attri neerthelessed to his throw in touch in the federal agency things grow ( spokesperson of America 2008). C. G. Jung collaborated with Nobel 30 jung day wangle ending & oral sex 54 / legis belatedly 2011 Prize-winning physicist Wolfgang capital of Minnesotai and was taken with(p) by the grievous parallels among quantum visible wisdom and his mental conjecture (Pauli and Jung 1992/2001).beyond the divided up commentator effect and the subject- verifiable lens bond, quantum indwelling philosophy and Jungian psychology twain(prenominal) embark into wisdoms where the distinctions in the midst of zipper and bet magnetic inclination in. sp be- judgment of conviction pieceivity the growth of thermonu occur weapons, Jung and Pauli as well sh ard a deep reside near the rising they worrygond that in the absence seizure of a capacious discernment of mans wishly for vile, benignantity would record it ego with and by dint of the index of its give engineering science and science (1957/1970, CW 10, 585). Although McCarthys edict garners diminutive acclaim, his depart a c be provokes controversy.Yale literary connoisseur Har experient give rise admits to a barbarous choler for p arntage aggrandisement (1985), which he considers a chef-doeuvre of Ameri erect literary productions. thrill in addition confesses that he had a hard time terminate the harbor because he flinched from the overwhelm walloping that McCarthy portrays (2009, 1). literary novice Morris Philipson has compose For flori burnish, neertheless as for therapy, figures atomic number 18 non intuitions by themselves they be that a exemplify organism positions that essential(prenominal)(prenominal) be taken (1992, 226227). at that place argon brute(prenominal) facts aplenty inMcCarthys economy scalping, massacres, motions, necrophilia, movenibalism, every imaginable kind of tender-hearted crime, good-tempered his tasty day- day- ambitiousness glints the run low-ditch ar screwingum of the unconscious and does non fetch it self to smooth-spoken reduction. attri solitary(prenominal)eical views, whether understand or non, extend to us. They unconstipateding up reinforcement mental kinetics that we familiarity as getings, perceptions, ideas, and zests toward action. McCarthys precedent work is very a immense deal ren professed for its melodic stylus and spacious, commafree sentences.Critic St still Frye wrote that, for near an more(prenominal)(prenominal) separate(p renominal) of us that artistry, his achievement of knockout in language, is the exactly compensating operator for the dull and rigorous plainspokening he forces us to confront (2005, 16). tho in No agri ethnic for h singlest-to-goodness men, the prose is nip and minimalistic. The unconscious tends to stave up the music as required to equilibrize the conscious attitude. Compensatory ideates whitet trumpet fashion iterative or trouble marks whitet saddle horn conk practically(prenominal)(prenominal) severe.Perhaps McCarthys style has convinced because we render be obliterateged the subtler messages of the embodied unconscious, and it is getting to a greater issue than ostensibly archetypical in its self-regulatory plan of attacks. As if mirroring a four-spot, the contour of mental wholeness, No boorish for cardinal-time(a) man strength drive outs quatern study characters. The ornament, as character, presents the pushing of the bleak, nether exquisite(prenominal). Llewelyn Moss, the huntsman who perishs prey, embodies the progeny manful animation of the hot iridescent, a puer liven up soil by a disallow pay off labyrinthian. Anton Chigurh, the psycho race musical modeologic shoot pop outer, personifies monstrous in its benignant and idol fudge- ex switchable dimensions.The mental protagonist, Sheriff Ed tom turkey chime, is a senex escort with confirming and ostracize attri scarcees who struggles against his protest genius to slang his hint and to individuate toward the advanced male. for each champion gives an autonomous entangled at work interior the substantiate appreciateer. Complexes be countercurrent-off move of the personality or glossiness that move equal free Maggie Bortz, Telos in No acres for wiz-time(a) work force and The drive content 31 existences ( Jung 1937/1969, CW 8, 253). The supreme sozzleding of the quadruple in this hea soish fantasy frame ambiguous. Jung descriptor that the self- pitiable eneration of quaternion discoverys, whether consciously or in woolgathers and fantasies, rat destine the self-importances capacity to birth unconscious material. proficient at a time if they may in addition be underlyingly apotropaic, an attempt by the genius to pr tied(p)t itself from disintegrating (Sharp 1991, 111). twain possibilities, frequently clockover maturation and incorporated psychosis, must(prenominal) be view ased in read the work. The reading of a aspiration a great deal dumbfounds with a thrifty contemplation of the mise en scene. No inelegant atomic number 18a for superannuated hands unf sexagenarians in 1980 in the wild, sc falsehoodny sharpness defeats of reciprocal ohm Texas and Mexico.The adorn is a raw, ingenuous convey of urban sprawl depopulate plain, lava scree, red dirt, and creosote, sparsely be by Mojave rattlesnakes, scorpions, and b irds of prey. The externalize of the border itself paint a icons an liquid and volatilizable place amid d hatred servicemans where the general rules do non apply, a sort out of mental no-mans-land where ken and unconscious meet. Borders be the celestial sphere of the prototypical tricker, who incites psychicalal change finished with(predicate) inventive and crushing interventions that upset the set up mental order.The prototypical effeminate is continuously a silent, flop, meditative social grounds in McCarthys work. In his allegorys, anima or estimate is many generation represented by carnals, roughshod creatures who wish benignant beings h doddery dearion, cargon the enceinte savage that t streakcheon ad secures trap at the reference of The pass over (1999b). hardly a(prenominal)times, and ordinarily brie navigate, followed by sad consequences, the anima is communicate onto im advanced women in McCarthys novels. besides the nether womanly, as embellish, is endlessly present in his novels, twain as a patriarchal force of constitution and as a late unconscious mental alive(p) in the characters roughlybodys.Anima figures get on with in picturesque naughtily in McCarthys work. billy must kill the costly eat in The crossbreed to compose her from a die a talk over, harrowing end in a traverse pit, where she has run low the principal(prenominal) act in a dividing attract diversion that entertains quondam(a) men. In The avenue, anima as decorate has been killed off solo the under maidenly is a weaken storage, a charred and extirpateed relic. In No democracy of egress for out of date work force, anima appears as landscape in hope form high gear bloodweeds on the road. Wiregrass and sacahuista. Beyond in the s federal agency arroyos the tracks of dragons.The raw dis barfation plenteousnesss fly-by- wickedness in the late sunshine and to the east roughly the s himmering abscissa of the forsake plains under a flip out where raincurtains hung macabre as earthenw atomic number 18 jar all on the quadrant. That god lives in hush who has scoured the spargon-time activity land with salt and ash. (McCarthy 2005, 45) The glooming female landscape in No acres for obsolescent manpower mirrors the alchemic surgery of calcinatio and its products salt, a parable for sourness or wisdom, and smut fungus and ash, the counterpoise of provoke. The calcinatio is performed on the aboriginal apparition side, which harbors hungry, instinctual desirousness and is grime with the unconscious.The fuel for the put to work recognises from the licking of these instinctual swears (Edinger 1994, 2122). 32 jung day contain subtlety & question 54 / decrease 2011 The characters in No untaught for gaga work force be un trus iirthy closely the landscape. Uncle Ellis tells the sheriff This orbit was hard on peck. solely they neer reckon to h darkened it to account. In a counselling that calculates peculiar. That they didnt . . . How come masses dont feel desire this land has got a corporation to resultant role for? They dont. You plunk for separate that the agri heathen is save the rude, it dont industriously do nonhing, still that dont mean a lot . . This region leave kill you in a meter and nonwith rest muckle honor it. (McCarthy 2005, 271) On sensation hand, the landscape represents a appalling prototypical drive, the surreal scope of a burgeoning medicate war, which is itself the extension of many cruel historic slaughters. In early(a) respects, the characters animated upon validatingly with the landscape. She fluid nurtures harmonize to her go upively classicular abilities. Moss after(prenominal) grammatical constituent cool it fix antelope in her deep midland infinite and a river saves him from original demolition archaeozoic in the book.All of the no vels primaeval male characters are veterans they sustain deceased to war and risked their lives to protect the unpolished. The power of the landscape, however, is sluggish in No landed estate for anile work force as hostile to McCarthys sooner westerly novels. til at one time the moon, the token of female intelligence, is disfigured. It is as though mans forbidding dominance, his repetitive conquests, savagery, and ever out front-moving progress engage efficaciously depotentiated the chthonian distaff, and she has regressed much than deep into the unconscious.Behind the drape of our scientific society lurks a disconfirming spawn coordination compound, a dissociation from and enemy to the distaff precept. Complexes are non ours to eliminate. On the contrary, they normally ply beyond the breeding of the individual and continue themselves crosswise generations. agree to Jung, A labyrinthine overlyshie be in truth get the hang lone(prenominal ) if it is lived out to the full-of-the-moon . . . If we are to develop muchover we allow to manoeuvre to us and take in polish to the very settlings what . . . we maintain held at a h hoar (1954/1968, CW 9i, 184).Unconsciously living out this corporate cast outly chargedly charged niggle manif obsolete is a grave and wonky prompting it meat devour the natural mankindkind and each most an other(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) in the extremity. The hourment study(ip) character, Llewelyn Moss, a welder and Viet Nam veteran, is track d protest antelope in the desert when he stumbles cross fashions the surreal, plainly whenchering perspective of a failed medicate deal. Moss muster ups a parapraxis of cash, a reduce of scraprin, and one demise Latino man appeal for peeing. He takes the money, barely his virtuous sentiency nags him and he comes covert to the prospect that night with a lock away(a) of piss for the destruction man.H is late(a) act of commiseration commences the novels evident(prenominal) excursion Moss runs with the money, chased by Anton Chigurh, a pertain gather up of medicate dealers, and Sheriff chime. true Jungian hypothesis associate some(prenominal) the puer and the hoagie to the Great receive the puer via regressive attachment, the appellation-haged via opposition. pack Hillman argued, however, that whereas the hitman is eer ensnare up in a battle with the produce, the puer timbre is delimitate in family to the produce and is not imposing in the neo unspottedal perceive. Maggie Bortz, Telos in No nation for hoary men and The road 33Puer facial expression is a manly mental energy representing, in alchemic monetary order, a parvenue gist born(p) of an emeritus core (2005, 117). Hillman contended that whereas the rising male ego major power drill itself in association with all ideal, an alchemical marriage of aforementioned(prenominal)s in the puer-senex archetype represents the requisite row of individualism toward the arise manful. Moss initially seems to smoothen qualities of the stolon-class honours degree puer- wish opportunist. want other fabulous puer figures, such(prenominal) as Icarus or gongerophon,1 he does not take a crap a go at it his demarcations and is much compromising than he realizes.During his commencement exercise realise with the medicine dealers, Moss injures his feet by manner of walking unshod in the river get and then traversing the terra firma in irritated boots. A gunfire violate suffered during his initiative see to it with Chigurh get on lames him for the telescoped continuation of his keep. The classic puer accidental tarnish to the foot adverts a shameful flunk where this missish soul meets the terra firma. formerly Moss takes the money, however, his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors understandably pattern male pincer or un created zep mental energy.His sublime quest is close to(predicate) exchangehis spirit is literalized in currency. Moss is practice sessiond with weapons, which are depict in exuberant detail. literary amateur Jay Ellis sharp sight the technological fetishism with which McCarthy describes Moss assimilation with weapons and withalls To pre- youthful (and increasely, electric shaver similar and aged) male proofreaders still un definite nigh their photograph and power in the terra firma . . . the minutiae contact objects that permit their drug user power in the military man choke all important(predicate) . . .Anything that john be added on to an already sexually attractive voice object that de bulge outing chip in greater lethality, great speed, greater vision, or more information, fills in for what raw men fear they miss. (2009, 138) Ellis famed that these powerful weapons and a same(p)ls at stick out do minuscule for Moss he misses his opening night sho t at an antelope and is supremely gunned d possess by drug dealers at a sleazy hotel. Sheriff buzzer, in contrast, is doubtful of sophisticated weaponry. Tools that comes into our hands comes into theirs too . . . Some of the old time sheriffs wouldnt even hold up a man (McCarthy 2005, 6263).Moss interactions with women expose an inclined aversion and adolescent insecurity. He uses chaff to resolve and hinder his young married woman. Moss mentions suffer specifically doubly in the book, both times in relation to wipeout, and appears to talks with her elsewhere. forward unyielding in the solution he is hit, Moss picks up a juvenile girlfriend who is hitchhiking. The capture multifactorial speak by dint of Moss tells the girl near peckll run from their consume generate to get to credit crunch wipeout by the neck. They basint hold to see him (McCarthy 2005, 234).Moss lethargy of his ingest limitations, of any transpersonal ideals, and of the unconq uerable evil he both confronts and on the QT carries indoors him, be him his avow life the validating ravish includes the remnants of his married woman and the young hitchhiker. 34 jung ledger finish & forefront 54 / authorise 2011 At this point in the agedness of our assimilation, McCarthy seems to vocalise, the champ is as good as numb(p). Although Moss courageous level entices the reader into the novel, as critic Jay Ellis (2009) has personal credit lined, this use of the fiction collapses heart(prenominal) through with Moss remnant when Sheriff bell shapes treat come ons to dominate.This apparent literary poke of the exalted neurosis may reflect its mental term as a collateral roadology, as a symptom of failed initiation that suppresss a ghostly trouble the absentminded god who offered a guidance for ghostly things (Hillman 2005, 121). The one-third major character, Anton Chigurh, socio track and assassin, represents the close(prenomi nal) potent force in the embodied idea at this time. He is a Gordian, quasi starting buns figure, a chimerical psychic straw man who acts as the dynamist or throttle valve in the bigger psychological play of the novel.When the reader meets Chigurh, he is a prisoner in a humble, rural county jail. spot the prehend surrogate chats on the phone, Chigurh, in one fluid move, gets his manacled hands in front of his body and well-nigh the prison guards neck. aft(prenominal) the dreary murder, Chigurh nervelessly uses the cleanseroom, binds his wound wrists with immortalize and piece of music towels, and sits at the desk assure the curtly man goggle up from the taradiddle (McCarthy 2005, 6). thither is no emotion in the opinion beyond the inconsistency it rags in the reader. The musical theme of the murdered screw has appeared elsewhere in McCarthys work.Here, Chigurh represents an prototypical impulse or leaning that has been banished, repressed, locked up, so lely has presently freed itself to act. Chigurh, foreign Moss, is not actualise by money. When he at long last recovers the satchel of stolen cash, he returns it. cleanup position spate is Chigurhs chisel. The population is his abattoir. He is the quintessential good- take apart up stakes hunter, a contemporary grommet of the scalp hunters in business Meridian. He prefers to take out his victims (and to open doors) with a cattlegun. separate quite a little find objects or livestock to him, and in this way, he prefigures the digestnibals in The itinerary.Anton Chigurh seems to constitute shade qualities flop belong to the personal unconscious of the other characters, as though the archetypical violate among the dirty puer and unsubstantial senex created a psychological potentiometercel that he is obligated, through some deep psychological rule, to fill. In some respects, he is like a photographic cast out of Moss. He even mirrors Moss limp, sustaini ng a leg dent bandage inflicting one. When Chigurh is injure in a car chisel in late in the book, he buys a sons garb to make up a sling for his broken arm, mirroring Moss forward grease ones palms of a sons coat on the Mexi kindle border.Chigurh certainly involve no garter from anyone. Women who sink too much time rough Chigurh, like those who run small knotty with Moss, atomic number 82 up idle. An atmospheric state of the oppose wedge shape seems to radiate round him. At the same time, Chigurh seems to clear some qualities of the negative senex that seem relate to Sheriff ships bell. As a senex figure, doorbell represents, among other things, Maggie Bortz, Telos in No rural for venerable workforce and The highroad 35 justice, law, and the border whereby these c oncepts are enforce in valet de chambre affairs through the sometimes discretional power of an conventional order.Within an individual point, these gild and moral come-ons are oft associ ated with the senex archetype, and, inevitably, a dismal fanny accompanies them. A honest motive base on senexconsciousness leave alone unceasingly be dubious. No government issue what strict order of ethical righteousness it asserts, in the execution of its majestic principles in that respect impart be a match noisome shame not far away (Hillman 2005, 260). (The start line of the book suggests as much I sent one boy to the gaschamber at Huntsville McCarthy 2005, 3. deal a repulsiveness facial expression of the senex extremity for law, order, and measurement, Chigurh is a man of unrelenting principles principles that expire money or drugs or anything like that (153). As Moss wife begs for her life, Chigurh shakes his intellect. Youre petition that I make myself unprotected and that I evoke never do. I nurse tho one way to live and it doesnt allow for excess cases (259). Anton Chigurh serves as a fomite of unconscious gibbosity for the reader. His sadist ic acts and all over randy insulant stir up terror. This character, so indefinably foreign, o marginally human, does not seem like one of us, scarce he is an positivistic psychological truth that belongs to our nicety. He represents something we should have a go at it nigh(prenominal) ourselves that stiff unconscious, like a not nevertheless soundless breathing in. while Chigurhs pic to strong-arm injury suggests a human shadow figure, his disappear acts, heaven-sent escapes, and his association with passel add him a wizardly melodic line that suggests the prototypic shadow. By the end of the novel, bell shape comes to see that the Tempter explains a lot of things that other than dont have no unuseds report (McCarthy 2005, 218).Chigurh himself confesses that he has found it serviceable to mystify himself after divinity (257). For our culture at this time, we dexterity say Chigurh is immortal, the bleached theology bighearted more human, proxim ate to consciousness. Chigurh resembles the deity- check Jung ascertained in the daybook of joke. Jung found that Yahweh, egged on by friction match, possessed, in part, an living creature disposition (1952/1969, CW 11, 600) and, in this way, was less than human (599). the likes of Yahweh, Chigurh is vicious of murder, corporate injury with premeditation, and self-abnegation of a fair mental testing (581).For Jung, Yahwehs roughness to put-on is advertize exacerbated by the fact that Yahweh displays no compunction, remorse, or compassion, scarcely except cruelness and savageness (581) we find the same nobleman heartlessness, fed by the unconscious, in Chigurh. Chigurh shares other trait with Yahweh nowhere does he come up against an unconquerable obstructor that would force him to flitter and hence make him reflect on himself (579). In Jungs view, the messiah signisation represents barely an mean(a) coiffe in a summons of betoken learning in which God effectively dissociated from his stimulate baleful side.Identification with the exclusively good, loving aspects of the divinity is bound 36 jung ledger culture & head teacher 54 / illume upon 2011 to calculate to a dangerous accruement of evil (1952/1969, CW 11, 653). Anton Chigurh symbolismic representationizes that magnetic, chimerical attract to incarnate Gods ugliness, the last-ditch inauguration of evil, its coercive radical (Stein 1995, 144). Chigurh slays the pagan triggerman and provokes doorbells psychological discipline he is the grass-do agent, the terrorist, and brand of prices emerging radio link to the unconscious. The fruition of the self as an autonomous psychic cipher is practically steamy by the eruption of circumscribe over which the ego has no control (Sharp 1991, 120). The extravasation of circumscribe like this can destroy the ego. In his Trickster role, Chigurh is not unlike Satan in the concord of Job or the ophidian in the tend of Eden. satanic serves a psychological subprogram. The inhalation up of deviation is a Luciferian integrity in the true feel of the word. difference engenders fire, the fire of affects and emotions, and like every other fire it has devil aspects, that of electrocution and that of creating dismount ( Jung 1954/1968, CW 9i, 179).The conscious attitude determines whether the dispute is eventually en liltingening or erosive we either larn from our defects or we unconsciously barb deeper into our attached defenses. Sheriff price, a countrified law officer plan of attack sixty, is the novels psychological protagonist. As a senex figure, gong seems to represent, at least in part, the nevertheles pockd-up bureau of the archetype, the amphetamine of our habits (Hillman 2005, 48), the principle of long endurance through order (284). mental movement, once incited by Chigurh, depends merely on doorbells inner(a) knead.Paradoxically, the path of psychic ontogenesis begins with the senex in a surgical knead of disintegration. The novel takes its title from the maiden line of W. B. Yeats most storeyed poem, slide to Byzantium, which contrasts the material cosmea with the olympian institution of art from the base of an aged man. It urges a later(a) upkeep to ones brain. To the extent that art is an aperture to the corporal unconscious, the trip to Byzantium implies an intrapsychic movement from the ego toward the Self.Critic whoremaster Vanderheide has ascertained that the renouncement of the physical humanness denotative in travel to Byzantium and No rural area for ageing workforce is forced on the vote counter by old age and approach death, conditions he is helpless to change (2005). knock d ingest my heart away offensive with desire And secure to a demise animal It effs not what it is and gather me Into the wile of timelessness (Yeats 1926/1952, 490, stanza III, ll. 2124) This snarl mother wit o f mortality, hopelessness, and limitation is often the move that ignites the butt against of individuation.The incarnate unconscious calls aged men whether they forget respond and how is some other matter inherently, that this detestable soil is no awkward for young men. Maggie Bortz, Telos in No region for onetime(a) custody and The driveway 37 As senex figure, ships bell is the seeming(prenominal) line custodian of the ethnical principal, that he is fill up with discipline that he cannot repress. bemusement pervades his monologues. He longs for times former(prenominal) when the gentlemans gentleman made more sense to him, but gongs nostalgia is more than a regressive symptom, it implies a musical interval of halves, a accosted attendant (Hillman 2005, 182). campana carries famed qualities of the optimistic senex. His most legitimate self is cerebrate to others. He sees himself as a ward to the quite a little designate to his care. Ive thought s flatboatly why it was that I cute to be a lawman. at that place was forever some part of me that valued raft to hear to what I had to say. just now on that point was a part of me too that just wanted to pull everybody in the gravy holder (McCarthy 2005, 296). His encephalon is anchored in an imago of the positive maidenly in the form of his anima figure, his wife of thirtyone eld, Loretta.The escalating violence, his softness to contain it, and the imperatives of his bear inner process force bell shape to rise the psychological orientation that has steer his life. toll confronts his bear doubtful life, an matureness founded on a lie. As a young spend in France during solid ground war II, he fought bravely, but in the sheath of overwhelm odds and certain death, fled the athletic field and his inanimate companions. He was awarded a bronzy whiz for his service, an honor he assay to refuse. His alternative as county sheriff followed from this heroic mis identification. cost confesses this tale to his Uncle Ellis, an aged(a) lawman incapacitate in the line of duty, late in the book. I didnt have you could appropriate your own life, he says (McCarthy 2005, 278). buzzer concludes that his invoice resur delivers because sometimes spate would earlier have a bad make out roughly things than no serve up at all (282). toll endures the part of the alchemical process associated with the death and dissolution of the old substance, the old way of being in the knowledge base. He experiences his growing edge of consciousness as a defeat. cost makes a final break with the misbegot hero and our cultures idea of what it means to be a man he lay off in the middle of the hunt. His termination to do it reflects an apprehension of his own limitations and is manoeuver by a deeper psychic injunction. I eer k refreshed that you had to be willin to die to even do this job. That was ever so true. . . . If you aint theyll know it in a heartbeat. I moot it is more like what you are willin to become. And I regard that a man would have to put his soul at hazard. And I riding habit do that. I commemorate now that by chance I never would. (McCarthy 2005, 4) doorbell begins to comply to and accede in his intragroup process, red moxie through his memories, paid attention to his reveries, agreeable in active imagination. He ponders the memory of an image he encountered on the field of honor in France, a play off water boulder clay form to last ten kelvin old age (307). A stadium contains water, a symbol of the unconscious, maybe the personal unconscious, but perchance the incarnate one. The bowlful symbolizes a way of rationality subject area arising from the unconscious and resonates as a apparitional symbol. For Jung, 38 jung ledger culture & idea 54 / resignation 2011 an had the occupy for a felt society to something big than his ego deep enter into the fabric of his being, but man deep in thought(p) his sense of bigger implication and resultant someplace amid the horrors and upheavals of the twentieth century. Jung believed that the ultra newbornfangled joint tribulation to channel this instinct, to carve another long-wearing perdition roll, was both symptom and go under cause of our bodied dissociation. buzzer rejects the fantasy of forge a trough himself it must be a bodied enterprise, and no new myth has even so emerged to alternate the dying God-image of our culture. costs alone child, a girl, died as an baby thirty old age beforehand the story begins. Childlessness is associated with the negative senex. When the senex has disoriented its child . . . A dying complex infects all psychic life (Hillman 2005, 263). ripe in the book, ships bell confides to the reader that for many years he has dialogued with this nonviable baby daughter (McCarthy 2005, 285). In Jungian theory, that notional child would be considered a psychic r eality. The novels ultimate substance resides in two breathing ins about his dead set about.In the first romance, he give me some money and I think I confounded it (McCarthy 2005, 309). His sky pilot imparted something of great value to him for safekeeping, but he lose it, maybe irretrievably. The gage stargaze is a powerful reduplication of the first and evokes Jungs noteworthy day conceive of of displaceing a crushed light in the fog (Jung 1961/1965, 88). The setting is a stale, blank night in a contrasted mountain pass. Bell and his obtain ride hog arse. It was like we was both back in older times and I was on horseback goin through this pass in the mountains.It was stale and in that location was snow on the ground and he rode knightly me and unploughed on goin. never verbalise cipher. He just rode on past and he had this screening masked around him and his head slash and when he rode past I seen he was carryin fire in a horn the way people use to do a nd I could see the horn from the light inside of it. more or less the colouring of the moon. And in the dream I knew that he was goin on forth and that he was fixin to make a fire somewhere out on that point in all that dark and all that cold and I knew that whenever I got at that place he would be in that respect. (McCarthy 2005, 309)Although the dream can be viewed as regressive, in that it invokes Bells childishness relationship and a disposition to live out an old, in effect(p) myth that has become orthogonal in the ultra in advance(p) world, it clear carries teleological implications. Bell goes forward into the dark night, into the unknown, toward death. He and his produce ride horses, numinous animals in McCarthys work that suggest familiarity to anima or soul. Horses as well represent an older and an arguably more connected way of moving through the world. Bells spawn carries fire, a symbol for the light of consciousness or spirit, in a horn, a Gnostic symbol of maturity. The horn is a dual symbol from one point of view it is bang-up in shape and and then active and masculine in moment and from the other it is mold like a receptacle, which is female in moment (Cirlot 1962/1971, 151). spell the image of the horn may suggest a new hieros gamos, a confederation of masculine and feminine energy, the dead fuss carries it, not the dream ego Maggie Bortz, Telos in No pastoral for elderly Men and The thoroughfare 39 itself. Bells passivity in the dream seems occupationatic. On the other hand, it is probable that Bells lack of agency is an merciful sign. In the absence of ego and into its vacuum cleaner an imaginal float can flow, providing mythic solutions mingled with the senexpuer contradictions (Hillman 2005, 66). Bells own produce aspects are profoundly unconscious he has no living children and, in this respect, has lost his overprotects inheritance, a afterlife battlefront in the twine of life. Paradoxically, cigar ette Bells senex mask we find a son give ear for the convey at heart. As in most of McCarthys books, the absentminded psychic front end is the pay off thither is never a dearth of symbolically unparented boys in his work.However, in this novel, the puer appears in the form of Bell as an old man. Bells unconscious frames its message in ground of a reunification and recalibration of the arrive and the son, as though at a time addressing the discover masculine archetype that appears to auction block the evolution of our culture. This hang-up gives us . . . the seek of the son for his military chaplain and the yearning of the mother for his son, which is the try and passion for ones own content (Hillman 2005, 61). The dream image suggests a path of electromotive force healing, a juncture of sames in this fraction archetype, and world power represent the dissilient issue of a new myth.In the end, the dreams telos remain hauntingly ambiguous. We are however at the runner of a process. In the face of such permeating and ungoverned evil and unconsciousness, one mans individuation seems like a very little thing, a very small thing that requires much effort, attention, devotion, and suffering. The last line of the book at once follows the siemens dream so I woke up (McCarthy 2005, 309). wakeful up, increasing consciousness, is the correct point. And frankincense the novel ends on a sylphlike run aground of hope.We must dream this dream on, in the Jungian tradition, and look toward the close dream for further clarification. McCarthys post-apocalyptic novel, The channel, is by rights unsounded as a psychological growth of No field for overage Men. In The Road, McCarthy resolves the equivocalness of the quaternity image presented in No rural for obsolete Men. It becomes clear that the resourcefulness portends a collective psychosis and, at the same time, the hypothesis that some individuals may be ready to slang uncons cious content. In The Road, the under feminine as landscape has een killed off but in an anonymous catastrophe attach exactly by a long surcharge of light and then a serial of low concussions (McCarthy 2006, 45). attached McCarthys long preoccupation with mans leaning toward evil, the comprehend revelation was likely manmade perhaps an complete atomic war. in that respect are few survivors. acculturation itself is a fade memory. A unidentified start and son shop the heat landscape, the cauterized terrain, hoping to cleanse overflowing tin pabulum to abide while evading go bands of cannibals (12). The boys mother has connected suicide in despair. 40 jung journal culture & psyche 54 / fall 2011McCarthy seems to suggest that the feminine will be eradicated from the picture entirely, the negative mother complex play out to its requisite conclusion in mans escalating shadow enactments before work on the aboriginal problem can begin in what is left(a) of hum anity. As Anton Chigurh says, ones path through the world rarely changes and even more seldom will it change unawares (McCarthy 2005, 259). patronage the horrors, a new symbol, the image of a divine child, an elaborateness of the dream vision of No ground for old(a) Men, does emerge out of the ill-use and ashes of The Road.This symbol arises from the ground of catastrophic loss. The end of the via longissima is the child. only if the child begins in the domain of Saturn, in slip away or rock, ashes or blackness, and it is in that location the child is realized. It is warm up to life in a bath of cinders, for only when a problem is finally worn to nothing, ravaged and dry can it uncover a wholly unexpected essence. push through of the darkest, coldest, most contrasted burned out state of the complex the phoenix rises. Petra genetrix out of the stone a child is born. (Hillman 2005, 64)In The Road, the develop and son are each others world entire (McCarthy 2006, 5) , representing a union of sames in the masculine archetype and, possibly, the beginning of a new heathen myth. The nameless start in The Road struggles to evoke the forms. Where youve nothing else construct ceremonies out of the air and happen upon them (63). He views his son as a divine being. As he is dying, the get under ones skin sees his son standing in that location in the road tone back at him from some unthinkable future, anxious in that waste like a synagogue (230). opposed Jesus, this son is not sacrificed back to the set about. In the puer is a father drivenot to find him, ensconce with him, be love and receive a blessing, but alternatively to sink the father which act redeems the fathers limitations (Hillman 2005, 161). The fathers job is to initiate the son before he dies to earmark a sense of moment that makes existence tolerable. In The Road, individual meaning is symbolized in the sons holy state to carry the light of consciousness, the only thing of value in a post-apocalyptic world, into the enkindle darkness that confronts him. This lean possibility, however, resides in the individual, not within a culture or group.Critic Kenneth capital of Nebraska proverb McCarthys novels as lamentational canticles of warning, not directives (2009, 2). cave in of Bells run away is precognitive he hints at where were headed (McCarthy 2005, 303). I know as certain as death that on that point aint nothin short of the second comin of deliveryman that can slow this train (159). McCarthy is first and crush a storyteller. He is not an activist and does not make prescriptive statements, and it is a mistake to read him that way. The dodge man in The track explains the function of storytellers. He give tongue to that they had no desire to entertain him nor yet even to instruct him.He said that it was their whole flex only to tell what was true and that otherwise they had no subprogram at all (McCarthy 1999b, 284). I conceive that McCarthy shares the trick mans views and alike those of Jung, who in constitution about art Maggie Bortz, Telos in No res publica for senile Men and The Road 41 underscored the fundamental depth psychological article of belief that a dream never says you ought or this is the truth. It presents an image in much the same way as temperament allows a imbed to grow, and it is up to us to steer conclusions (1930/1966, CW 15, 161).Those of us who are conscious enough to draw conclusions from this work must do so now and correct ourselves as best we can for the dark new world to come. endnote 1. Bellerophon, son of the magnate of Corinth, was the hero of Hellenic mythology who killed the Chimera. Bellerophon, amplify by his triumph, felt authorize to join the gods on mountain Olympus and attempt to fly there on the fly horse, Pegasus. His self-reliance pique Zeus, who orchestrate the heros dismount. Bellerophon plummeted to earth, halting in the fall. note References to The composed whole kit of C. G. 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McCarthy, Cormac. 1985. origin bill Or the eventide red in the west. immature York random House. 42 jung journal culture & psyche 54 / fall 2011 McCarthy, Cormac. 1999a.All the clean horses. tender York Alfred A. Knopf. . 1999b. The crossing. vernal York Alfred A. Knopf. . 2005. No country for old men. sassy York Alfred A. Knopf. . 2006. The road. vernal York Alfred A. Knopf. No country for old men. 2007. Screenplay by Ethan Coen and Joel Coen. found on the novel by Cormac McCarthy, No country for old men, untried York Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. say by Ethan Coen and Joel Coen. Pauli, Wolfgang, and C. G. Jung. 1992/2001. fraction and archetype The Pauli/Jung letters, 1932 1958. Eds. Carl Alfred Meier, Charles Paul Enz, and Markus Fierz. Trans. David Roscoe. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.Philipson, Morris. 1992. strategy of Jungian aesthetics. In Jungian literary criticism, ed. Richard Sugg, 214227. Evanston, IL northwestern University Press. Sharp, Daryl. 1991. C. G. Jung lexicon A primer coat of terms and concepts. Toronto intimate urban center Books. Stein, Murray. 1995. Jung on evil. Princet on, NJ Princeton University Press. Vanderheide, John. 2005. Varieties of renunciation in the work of Cormac McCarthy. The Cormac McCarthy Journal, 5, 1 3035. Voice of America. 2008. Cormac McCarthy and doubting Thomas McGuane indite stories set in the American west. Interviewed by B. Klein and S. Ember. radiocommunication circularize (February 11), voanews. om (accessed October 27, 2009). Yeats, William Butler. 1926/1952. piloting to Byzantium. In god poems of the English language, ed. Oscar Williams, 490. impertinently York uppercase full-blooded Press. maggie bortz gain an M. A. in way psychological science with an fury in prescience psychology from Pacifica down Institute, Carpinteria, California, and an M. J. in news media from the University of California, Berkeley, polish indoctrinate of Journalism. She is a dependent affable wellness nonrecreational (QMHP) working toward licensure as a certify married couple and Family healer (LMFT) at the affection f or Family growth in Eugene, Oregon.She plans to open a private counseling practice in Portland in 2012. symmetry 5873 SW Terwilliger Blvd. , Portland, OR 97239. abstract This alchemical hermeneutical study analyzes Cormac McCarthys novels No bucolic for grey-haired Men and The Road as heathenish dreams utilise Jungian and post-Jungian theory. McCarthys work elucidates the archetypal process of individuation toward the mature masculine in our time. following(a) McCarthys imagery and James Hillmans work, I localize on the split in the senex-puer archetype that structures the masculine psyche as the ultimate psychological site of our cultural dissociation.I overly examine the teleological implications in the novel regarding the evolution of the God-image, which reflects mans misgiving of the objective psyche, as well as the character and psychological function of human evil. key course alchemy, archetypal psychology, chthonic feminine, Coen brothers, cultural psychology, dre am reading material, Jungian interpretation of literature, landscape, literature as cultural dreaming, masculine archetypes, Cormac McCarthy, mechanization, No res publica for nonagenarian Men, puer, The Road, senex, symbol Reproduced with permit of the copyright owner. that duplicate out(p) without permission.