Machine Essay Example for Free

Machine EssaySociety is in all shapes and forms a lie. Consumerism drives our economy, our government, and our lives. As a people we be amazed and enthralled by the new technology that has become available to us in recent years. From smart phones to 3-d televisions we come it all, technology whitethorn as well be an extention of our bodies at this rate, it is creeping in. The speed at which technology has developped is impressive to say the least, we are able to make the blind see, the def hear, or the mute able speak. Computers have connected the world, opening a wealth of information to anyone witch doorway.With the annoucement of a new wearable computer called Google Glass we have taken a step forward into the cyborg season, not only that but we have taken a step into the what forget be know as Surveillance States. We have given the oppurtunity to the government to control us even further. There are domainy positive and negative developments that come with the age of i nformation, like the ease of accesing information from anywhere, to constantly beingness watched by our government or even to the militirization of these technologies. How could this affect our lives today, and more importantly tomorrow?Mann is an innovator, a man who excels in the field of technology. He had created a portable CD player before they were officially marketed, in time he began working on a portable computer that would allow him to access any of the information he needed. He even created a program that would replace ads on bilboards with things he matte up were more important, and that he wanted to see. Some may wonder when this technology may be available but the fact of the matter is, it is available. It is all close to us, Mann began experimenting with portability and computer in 1987.It is now the year 2013, and the technology has developped at an exponential rate, with the release of Google Glass we will be able to live the way Mann lived, replenishment ads we dont want to see with other things that interest us. Another thing this technology will allow us to accomplish is having a better understanding of dissabilities, and how we stomach correct them that is to say giving a blind individual the ability of sight. Weve had the technologies to accomplish these feats for some time, but is only until now that we have seen them begin to surface. non everything about these technological advancements are good, although they may seem that way we must always think about the way this tech can change our lives, potentially for the worst. With the route government is taking these technologies might end up being used against us, inventions like Google Glass will permit the government to have 24/7 surveillance of everything we do. Countries have slowly been turning into Surveillance states, all illusions of privacy are slowly being taken away and we are doing nix to change this.The population has been made docile, we sit at home on computers and walk around with phone in hand while the world around us closes in slowly suffocating us until we can no longer catch our breath. Soon enough all of this technology will be implemented into our bodies, turning us into, basically, cyborgs. Can we expect to live life like Mr. Roboto, becoming the modern man. Imagine seeing Robocop prowling the streets for miscreants while we all access our own personal HUD the song that is playing.These are the things we can come to expect, along with a number of severe problems cyber terrorism, iruss, trojan horses, key stroke programs (that is to say, in this context, a program able to acces your mind and watch everything you do). How will these issues be resolved is a mystery as it is nearly impossible to eradicate and keep up with the number of programs that are being made even today. Will the human charge become more machine than man? Can we still hold ourselves human if we are made up of more computer and metal then we are of flesh? How will we e xperience life differenty? Do we actually want to take this direction with technologie, considering the repercussions of such an act and the sacrifice involved?It may be safe to say that we may be going likewise far. Although the technological advancements we are creating are phenomenal we cannot expect them to be used to only improve our lives it is a well known fact that the human race is a self-destructive creature, and seems to be addicted to finding new and more efficient ways to kill eachother. That being said the technological era we are moving into brings a great many benefits to society, and to the army. The militirization of these innovations will be inevitable. This can be both seen as good and bad, depending on your point of view.War oftentimes incites change and pumps up the economy, although with these technologies we will be experiencing a different kind of war, one that could quite possibly affect us all. What will happen to these technologies in the coming years is somewhat of a mystery, perhaps Johny Mnemonic will be the world of tomorrow, those who chose to augment themselves versus those who did not. This technology brings a number of opportunities to better our lives, we will be able to improve our life span and cure more illness and disease, amputees will be able to live normally and those with ental dissabilities may be cured with the use of microchips.With the direction we are taking concerning technology we will have to come to expect that the government will take advantage of these technologies, with value in mind, and it is very likelly that the uneven distribution of wealth and power will be easily distinguishable in the world of tomorrow. It is impossible to know scarcely what the future holds and so we must simply do what we can today, to ensure that tomorrow is the way we want it too be. With that said, how far away are we from being able to see into the future?

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains

puffy Bazaar one of leading Indian retail mountain ranges executive director Summary freehanded-Bazaar is one the leading retail chain in India. This retail chain is exemplary in terms of performance. Many other business leadership do entered in this retail business seeing the success of Big-Bazaar in India. It is considered epitome of operational and aptitude excellence in India. IT is one of the most happy ventures initiated by Kishore Biyani of Future Group. With the success of this retail chain, it has expanded its branches both over the India and now they are aimning to venture into a foreign land. This is the study of Big-Bazaars market visualise if it go forth plan to enter in unite Arab Emirates. Through this study we are planning to have tiny study of Big-Bazaar future plan of entry in United Arab Emirates. This Study will check the Marketing Objective, Marketing plan, Financial proposal and resource acquisition plan of Big-Bazaar witticismh its retail chain launch in United Arab Emirates. This study will study in detail about the realise generation, Retail chain operational planning and its profit generation analysis. Here, we will start from where we have left last time. We did cultural analysis and enabling factors for Big-Bazaar in last Phase I project. Now in phase II project we are termination in detail about the study of trade plan and promotion mix to attract customer and to establish its trademark operational efficiency in providing superior service at rock Bottom price. Here, in this study we will take the traditionalistic approach of making the marketing plan of Big-Bazaar. We will proceed in the following manner. First we are going to study about the marketing objective, and indeed we will start with the Marketing plan. This will be followed by financial plan which will detail about the financial items identical ingathering cost and financial statements including income statements. We will discuss about the promotion mix and resource requirement for the retail chain operation.Marketing PlanIntroductionMarketing Plan will check how to strategize the opening of Big-Bazaar retail chain in UAE. It will also check out the advertisement, Packaging and promotion plans for this unexampled retail chain. The detailed study will work as the starting plan for the launch of growth in UAE and it will then be made to change step by step with change increase from the expectation to the aspired. It will change with course of time depending on the success and failure of the program. We are going to study about the marketing tactics in this section.Marketing ObjectiveTarget MarketCitizens of United Arab Emirates will be the target market for Big-Bazaar. Presence of lot of expatriates will be boon for the telephoner as they have the ready visibility for this brand. For party the basic target group will be the shoppers who are willing to set down their notes economic totallyy and those who the value of their money. Therefore our target customer will be the people who are married and who belong to the middle class family. Company will also be cashing on the presence of Indians thither. (Retail Market in Middle East)Expected Sales Sales objectives define the amount of sales high society want to have in very first year. Since company is totally new in the United Arab Emirates, we are planning to have a sale of around 234 million US $ or 734 Million of AED in the very first year with its operation in nearly 12 bloods in 12 different areas.Profit ExpectationProfit Expectation of Big-Bazaar will also be bit on lower side plainly. With the sale of total of 734 AED of grocery, Big Bazaar will be gaining overall profit of 23 million AED. This shows that we are expecting Big-Bazaar to be profitable in very first year only and we are expecting it to earn a big name through its operational efficiency. packaging MixAdvertisingObjectiveMain objective of advertisement is to grow customers aware o f the brand and strain them take our brand image in the same way in which we want to communicate. Therefore here operational efficiency doesnt matter until and unless you really tell the customer that we are excellent in managing operation in the same way as Honda stresses the quality part of its product in its advertisements. Therefore here the objective will be to communicate shopper that it is the cheapest shopping point. Company will have to communicate the low price wit high quality of its brand. Company squirtnot play with brand name by tarnishing g its image with its cheapness. Company should communicate the proud of giving genuine product at such a low price.As always we need to first segment the population of United Arab Emirates in categories. Since here in United Arab Emirates per capita income is much much than India, therefrom the cheap price will not be only factor that will attract consumers towards their product. Big-Bazaar should be showing the devout shopping environment over and above the capability to sell it so cheap. After segmenting population we need to target the middle income segment population. After prospect the target company needs to set its positioning to provide cheap and good quality products. (Westwood, 2006)Media Mix We are planning to have the media mix which contribute make big-Bazaar to approach every single people in United Arab Emirates. This should also make them aware of this new retail shop coming in their nearby market. Since it is future groups first company that will be launching its retail chain in UAE, it has to take dread of the brand image of the Bi-Bazaar from getting tarnished by competitors. Since the retail chain will be starting on such a large scale in UAE it needs to do more and more advertisements in UAE starting from its launch only. Hence we will need following media-mix Billboards Banners TV program Kiosks MagazinesThe method company can plan to make this promotion successful is to have it in various phases. Actually this is one of the most important criteria which company ordinarily follows while entering into a new market.MessageBig-Bazaar has the image of providing good quality of items at the rock bottom price. Its image is like everything under one roof. Therefore it has to communicate this image to the consumer showing happy family buying their groceries from a place where every family member got something of his/her choice. Company should communicate this image by stressing its image on strike out line which it is going to use while conveying its brand image. Message can be similar to Cheaper than this, doesnt exist saluteAdvertisement publisher Advertisement $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Billboard $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 TV Advertisement $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Kiosk Advertisement $ 10,000.00 AED 36,720.00 Promotion $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Banners $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 Sales Promotion ObjectiveThe main objective of sales promotion is attracting more consumers in least possible time with a communication that you are offering more value per unit of money to your consumer. In the very first year, company should try making products as much cheaper as it can by bringing small packs or by giving more and more offs on its grocery. Free goodies can be one of the methods to attract more and more consumers towards it. PremiumsPremium is generally used in a way in to young man the product with something of real use to customer. Big-Bazaar can use this age old technique by associating some ease gifts on spending more than AED chiliad in the in any of the Big-Bazaar retail chain.Coupon Coupons will be some free coupon either of service or of entertainment. This really helps in shoppers incoming into the mall. Big-Bazaar can utilize this technique by attaching coupons with the bill in case the shopper buys more than a threshold limit of goods. Big-Bazaar can offer free movie coupons or next time buyings discount coupon. (Details of Big Bazaars Offer in Festive Seasons Big Bazaar Maha Bachat Shopping Discount Independence daylight Offer)CostBig-Bazaar always cash on low cost model therefore promotion will play a major government agency here. Company will have to cash in the opportunity of providing more and more goods with the promotional scheme as its very first year and this historic period performance will work as a make or break for the company. Therefore we have allotted $30000 for the promotional scheme only. AdvertisementNewspaper Advertisement $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Billboard $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 TV Advertisement $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Kiosk Advertisement $ 10,000.00 AED 36,720.00 Promotion $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Banners $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 Personal SellingBig-Bazaar is a retail chain. It will not need to sell its product personally but it should have the facility of home-Delivery so that the groceries of higher cost should be delivered safely to consumers home without any revile to create superior experience for consumers. Other Promotional MethodNo other promotional method should be interpreted by the company as it is its very first year of operation. It should take traditional method of operation. dissemination from Origin to DestinationMode of DistributionBig-Bazaar will be having products which are of all kinds. It should have its warehouse too in order have extra storage facilities. This warehouse should be optimally located and should be in region to all the 12 stores which are there in the United Arab Emirates. In the very first year of operation company can afford to have two storehouses. There will be staffs working in them and company will be needing one big-bazaar van to commute from store house to store in order to have low empty shelf space time. (Luther, 2011)PackagingMarking and Labeling RegulationsUntil and unless Big-Bazaar is not launchi ng its own brand product like it sells KOREO in India, it doesnt need to worry about labeling as its general business to sell other brands product at a cheaper price.ContainerizationCompany doesnt need to care for this packaging issue apart from putting RFID on all the products for easy tracking of their availability and presence. The reason is that it will be different brands who are change under Big-Bazaars brand name that will have to take care of containerization problem. CostsSince packaging is an issue for the brands which are going to sell under the tag of Big-Bazaar here therefore packaging will not be problem for Big-Bazaar. Price DeterminationTransportation CostTransportation cost is always there whenever one opens a retail chain. Here the major transportation cost will be there in the movement of goods from warehouse to main retail shops. The transportation should be there in Big-Bazaars own dedicated vehicle. All the transportation cost is there included in Distribution Cost only. The $myriad amount is allotted to it.Handling ExpensesHandling expense for product will be borne by company and is included in miscellaneous expense of $4000. (Dubais letting information Commercial To Let In Dubai, Properties In Dubai )Whole and Retail Mark Up and DiscountsProduct CostPercentage of replete(p) Expensesalable Grocery Cost $ 200,000,000.00 AED 734,400,000.00 Big Bazaars Average margin on Cost10% $ 20,000,000.00 AED 73,440,000.00 Total revenue $ 220,000,000.00 AED 807,840,000.00 Selling Expense $ 750,000.00 AED 2,754,000.00 72.3%Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 9.6%Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976.00 17.6%Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 AED 14,688.00 0.4%Total Expense $ 1,037,000.00 AED 3,807,864.00 Pro-formal financial Statement and BudgetIntroductionThis section will check the financial associated with the marketing and operation plan of opening of Big-Bazaar Retail.Marketing BudgetAdvertisement/Promotion ExpenseAdvertisementN ewspaper Advertisement $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Billboard $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 TV Advertisement $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Kiosk Advertisement $ 10,000.00 AED 36,720.00 Promotion $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Banners $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 Distribution ExpenseDistribution Cost(per annum)Store Payroll $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Store Management $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Rent( 2 Warehouse 1000 sq.ft.) $ 85,000.00 AED 312,120.00 Transportation $ 10,000.00 Utilities $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Depreciation $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 speed $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Maintenance $ 18,000.00 AED 66,096.00 Total Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976.00 Product CostProduct CostPercentage of Total ExpenseSaleable Grocery Cost $ 200,000,000.00 AED 734,400,000.00 Big Bazaars Average margin on Cost10% $ 20,000,000.00 AED 73,440,000.00 Total revenue $ 220,000,000.00 AED 807,840,000.00 Selling Expense $ 750,000.00 AED 2,754,0 00.00 72.3%Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 9.6%Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976.00 17.6%Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 AED 14,688.00 0.4%Total Expense $ 1,037,000.00 AED 3,807,864.00 Other CostMisc Expense$ 4,000.00Pro forma annual profit and loss statement (Profit year)Profit And Loss StatementAEDIncomeRevenue $ 220,000,000.00 AED 807,840,000 ExpenseCost of Goods Sold 200,000,000.00 AED 734,400,000 Selling Expense $ 750,000.00 AED 2,754,000 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200 Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976 Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 AED 14,688 Total Expense 201,037,000.00 AED 738,207,864 EBIT $ 18,963,000.00 AED 69,632,136 Interest $ 10,571,890.00 AED 38,819,980 EBT $ 8,391,110.00 AED 30,812,156 Tax 20% $ 1,678,222.00 AED 6,162,431 Net Income $ 6,712,888.00 AED 24,649,725 alternative Requirements IntroductionIn this section we will discuss about the Resource requirement. Here we will analyze about how company is planning to expand and what all it will require while expanding in this way. We are going step by step. First we are going to analyze the finances, Personnel and later we will discuss capacity or Scale in which Big-Bazaar should be operating.FinancesCompanies usually get their finances from two tools Debt or Equity. Debt is the fixed amount taken by company at fixed interest rates. This amount has its maturity associated with and it and after a certain interval of time company has to return. Equity is the money which company usually plans to have through dilution of its ownership. We taking all factors in account thinking about having a PE firm getting associated in funding just by having stake in our firms ownership. We suggests that company should have a debt to Equity ratio of 65 in long term and therefore company should invest 45% through its equity and should ask for remaining 55 % as debt from their local banks.PersonnelAny firm whenever it starts its business usually needs Personnel to make the ideas take shape. Even the Big-Bazaar will need personnel for its operational requirements. Big-Bazaar will majorly look for following HR personnel for customer Care Department Sales Personnel Labors Managers Marketing Personnel Accounting Personnel Operation Personnel Distributor personnelDepending on the scale which we are launching, Companys estimate of personnel for its first year of operation will be as belowMarketing60Sales600 Accounting18 benevolent Resource12Information Technology5Operations (including distribution and packaging)1200ScaleProduction capacity should be planned as per companys aim of expanding in future. As per seeing Nestls trend of expansion plan in other countries, we can assume following as companys capacity requirement in future.Year I12 ShopsYear II15 ShopsYear III18 shopsYear IV22 ShopsYear V25 ShopsNestle should have production capacity accordingly.ConclusionAs we can see from the analysis, Big-Bazaar operation in United Arab Emirates will be profitable only. In the very first year of its operation, The Company can aim to gain a profit of AED 24.6 Million. Companys big brand name and operational expertise can work wonders for the company for its UAE operation. Therefore the verdict is that company should go ahead with its Emirates plan as it seems profitable from the analysis we have made till now.

Research Study: Factors Causing Cannabis Use

Research Study Factors Causing Cannabis engagementFactors Leading towards hemp utilisationand what can be d unity about themA study carried out in local transport driversof district Peshawar, Pakistan.The task of dose trafficking represents a crippling facet of realism in Pakistan that is affecting 34% of the plains population in damage of having problems with medicine usage, and or abuse. The district of Peshawar, which lies near the Khyber Pass access to Afghanistan, places that function at the centre of trafficking activity that has made illicit medicates readily available to the populace at postgraduately affordable prices due to the proximity of heavy drug activity. Drug use is an international problem, angiotensin-converting enzyme that increasingly is focusing on Pakistan as a result of it being in the center of the just about energetic drug producing regions in the world. As such, the country has developed a serious internal problem in that its citizens gain b ecome swept up in the performance, trafficking as easy as use of drugs. The preceding argon activities that undermine the nations economy as the money flows are black market, and one which is costing the country its most valuable resource, is people, who are in ever increasing numbers being wasted as headspring as measly from the ravages of drug use, and addiction.The purpose, and role of political relation represent a complex issue that in its own right deserves a study onto itself. In the setting of the run olibanum identified, a summary of this complex relationship sh either be put forth as it is an integral aspect of the preceding. Reus-Smit (1999, p. 129) tells us thatThe moral purpose of the forward-looking state so entailed a new principle of procedural justicelegislative justice. This principle prescribes two precepts of rule determination first, that only those subject to the rules generate the right to define them and, second, that the rules of society must app ly equ bothy to all citizens, in all like cases. Both precepts were enshrined in the French Declaration of the Rights of bit and Citizen, which states that law is the expression of the general depart all citizens halt the right to concur personally, or through their representatives, in its formation it must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes.Rousseau provides further amplification of the purpose of government as he held that the laws legislated by the people or their representatives must apply advertly to all citizens in all like cases. Every authentic act of the general will, he writes, favors all citizens equally, so that the sovereign, knows only the body of the nation and makes no distinctions between any of those who indite it (Reus-Smit (1999, p. 130). Schmidtz (1991, p. 10) cites Hume (1978, p. 539) who statesthe beauty of the state is not that it results from a collective decision solidly rather that it makes collective decisions unnecessary. People no longer need to come to an savvy about what is in their collective interest, for magistrates need consult no body but themselves to form any scheme for the promoting of that interest. Thus, bridges are built harbours opend ramparts raisd canals formd fleets equipd and armies disciplind every where, by the care o government , which, tho composd of men subject to all human infirmities, becomes, by one of the finest and most subtle inventions imaginable, a composition, that is, in some measure, exempted from all these infirmitiesThe foregoing tells us that government exists to look after, and for our go around interests for the collective good. Thus the drug problem represents an issue that is not in the best interests of the people, and is governments responsibility to confront and resolve. Thus, the reduction of drug use, and the reduction of drug production, and trafficking are priorities that the country needs to delivery in order to safeguard the future of its citizens, as substantially as return the countrys economic healths and vitality. This examination shall delve into the forgoing in the context of the Factors Leading towards marijuana use and what can be done about them A study carried out in local transport drivers of district Peshawar, Pakistan.The problem of drug use is a global phenomenon, one that is especially pervasive in Pakistan. The countrys proximity to Afghanistan, which ranks as one of the top drug producing nations on the globe, match with the high drug productive capabilities of Pakistan, and the high poverty levels in the Peshawar region, makes for the perfect breeding grounds for addiction. With in excess of 4 million drug users in Pakistan, representing one of the highest per user percentages internationally, the s eff of the problem with respect to production, trafficking, and addiction represent a triple edged sword that few countries are faced with. The foregoing, has been assist by corruption in political posts as inti mately as the infiltration of regional tribal leaders who either traffic in, or have interests in this trade, into political positions further complicating the task of control and reduction.Justification for the studyThe international initiative to reduce drug user, and availability in all countries, with emphasis on the nations of the unite States, European Union member states, and other destination points has been undertaken to lessen the potential exposure to drugs on the part of adolescents, and young adults as well as to reduce crime. The flow of drugs fuels the coffers of organized crime amounting to sums in the billions of euros that is fed by the commission of petty crimes, murders, and other societal acts resulting from addiction, procurement, and fork out at all levels in the matrix. The costs in terms of humanity, resources, and suffering are almost incalculable. The reduction of drug flow as well as usage represents a solution that benefits all but those who are reapi ng huge profits from its movement, and sale.Problem IdentificationIn equating the problem as well as ramifications of the factors ahead(p) toward the use of hangmans rope, and what actions can be taken to reduce the foregoing, various approaches, and methodologies have been put forth by nations, and international organizations such as the United Nations to address this issue. The two main schools of thought in attempting to resolve this conundrum are the curtailing of supply as a substance to limit drug availability on with punitive measures for suppliers and users, and the education of users, and potential users to the dangers of drug use, and providing them with a means to obtain treatment. The foregoing represents the tactics of the two main destination points, the United States, and the member states of the European Union, respectively. These are the outside(a) forces acting upon Pakistan in addition to the drug supply passing through the country from Afghanistan as well as the growth, and production of drugs in spite of appearance the country that makes heroin, cocaine and hangmans rope freely and readily available to the residents of Peshawar. It is one of the main through routes for the distribution of drugs.The preceding has created an immense problem for the government of Pakistan to use methods to resolve these issues, and address the needs of its populace in treating as well as stemming drug usage for their own well being.Aim of the dissertationThe bewilder of this examination is to explore as well as uncover the factors track to drug usage in the Peshawar district, its make on the populace, and what steps, methodologies, and procedures can or should be implemented to stem its growth, and effect a reduction that is sustainable.Specific ObjectivesThe objectives are represented by the followingTo identify factors leading to the use of hangmans halter by local transport drivers in district Peshawar.To identify ways to tackle factors that le ad towards cannabis use by local transport drivers.To provide recommendations to nap with the issue of cannabis use by local transport drivers of district Peshawar.Output of the studyThis facet of the study is to provide a basis of reading on the issue that provides an informational basis via which to better understand the forces acting on drug usage in Peshawar from an internal as well as external perspective to reach a recommendation that provides a means to reduce drug usage.Stakeholders/target audienceThe stakeholders in this examination are represented by the destination states for the illicit drugs grown, cultivated, and produced in the region that is trafficked as well as the local residents who have been impacted directly by this activity to the point whereby Pakistan has one of the highest percentage rates of drug users in the international community. The concentration of drug activity in Peshawar has thus directly affected its residents, and is taking the future outdoo r(a) from an entire generation that is caught in the web of illicit drugs. The target audiences represented by this examination are those parties involved in seeking a means to reduce drug use in the district, on a national as well as international level.MethodologyThe methodology to be employ in this examination shall be based upon secondary sources utilizing a considerable cross section of ideas, studies, approaches, and actual drug reduction strategies taken from learn countries, and regions internationally. The sources will utilise books, journals, articles, and the Internet to gain as broad a perspective as thinkable that is limited by the amount of data as well as time constraints. The limitations are a result of the preceding as some potentially enlightening information could possibility be overlooked, and or not obtained as a result of the amount of data available. Research forms the core of this examination as it will provide the information from which specific aspects will be gleaned that relate to the study. Anderson (1998, p. 27) states that.Researchis a dynamic activity that travels a long and winding trail from start to finish. It is not a single charget, rather, the act of doing research is a process. And like instructional design, evaluation, decision-making and planning, the research cycle has a set of basic elements that interrelate and interact with each otherHe adds that (Anderson, 1998, p. 27)All research involves plastered common elements such as defining the questions, reviewing the literature, planning the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings. At first glance, this whitethorn seem like a rather logical, straightforward process, but it is not. Research is dynamic, it evolves as activities unfold and the elements of the research process interact and impact on one another. Time is required to allow research questions to develop, literature to be searched, data to be collected, interpreted and analyze d, and findings disseminated.Chapter 2 Problem AnalysisThe examination of the impact of cannabis use on local transport drivers of the Peshawar district in Pakistan immediately provides a visual as well as mental signal as to the potentially dangerous ramifications. Cannabis is a hypnotic drug derived from a plant which has intoxicant qualities that have some uses in medicine, but is better known for is use as a recreational drug where it generates a considerable range of side effects that impact differing people in varied manners. Mikuriya (1969, p. 904) listed the following potential therapeutic usesanalgesic and hypnotic,as an appetite stimulant,antiepileptic, antispasmodic,as an aid in the prevention as well as interruption of migraines and tic douloureux,as an antidepressant as well as tranquilizer,as a cathartic aid,antiasthmatic,in the acceleration of childbirth (oxytoxic),as a topical anesthetic,in reliable uses as an agent that facilitates patient withdrawal from additi ons to opiates and alcohol, andas an antibioticIn terms of the context of this examination concerning the factors that lead to the use of cannabis, and what can be done about the situation, utilizing the context of transport drivers in Peshawar Pakistan, the focus is thus on the user side of the equation in terms of cannabis as a recreational drug. In that context studies, and analysis by a broad number of researchers as well as the documentation found in journals, books, and articles clearly point out through conclusive as well as subjective findings that cannabis has a broad number of impairment qualities that can manifest themselves. Key to that understanding is the fact that these manifestations can occur in differing degrees of eagerness as well as singular, and or multiple combinations in the user, who may or may not be aware of these effects. The preceding makes the use of this drug even more dangerous for individuals engaged in the operation of machinery, and in particular trucks.The Center on International Cooperation (2004) provided an overview of the problem in stating that Pakistan is known for governmental corruption that plays a part in the drug trafficking that occurs within its borders. The proximity of Peshawar to the border of Afghanistan as well as its own growing. and related drug production activities makes that district a den for drug use as a result of its ease of availability. and low price. Contributing to the problem is the lack of employment opportunities that has created a large number of individuals living in poverty. The International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (2006) states that low income, lack of economic opportunities, and proximity to the availability of drugs makes for high usage. The forgoing, coupled with the fact that cannabis is a social, and or recreational drug that does not have the stigma of heroin, and cocaine, yet does have many of their same qualities, creates an environment aged for addiction. The foreg oing is demonstrated by the fact that after to Iran, Pakistan has the highest percentage of drugs users in the world (International Crisis Group, 2001).Factors that lead to the use of cannabis, in addition to the broad circumstantial aspects thus far mentioned, are peer pressure, and use as well as social contexts (Ausubel, 1969, p. 17), and the lack of education, opportunities, and outlets for social and recreational pursuits, and information on the dangerous effects of cannabis use (Kahn, 2002). In terms of transport drivers, their jobs entail repetitive, monotonous, low paying work that leaves plenty of time for mental wandering, boredom, and association with individuals who are drug users as well as being young of age. That age group is therefore highly prone to peer pressure, thus throwing them into a circle of high potential usage (IRIN, 2006). All of the preceding represents unmistakable contributing factors that make it extremely difficult to escape falling into drug use.In delving into the examination of the problem a problem tree is a useful tool in analyzing situations as it aids in the identification of major problems in the examination, along with the causal relationships (Robertson, 2001. p. 32). In applying this methodology to the preceding examination, the following analysis of the factors equated with the problem become evident.Figure 1 Problem Tree Analysis of Factors Leading toCannabis Use and What Can be Done About ThemA Study Carried Out in Local Transport Driversof the Peshawar District in PakistanThe preceding analysis shall thus form the matrix upon which this examination will focus.Chapter 3 Literature ReviewCannabis sativa was labeled by Linnaeus in 1753 is known by many names, the most popular, and universally understood being marihuana, and weed (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 1). Known for medicinal as well as being a euphoriant, the first recorded use of cannabis is found in the Herbal, an ancient equivalent of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, writ ten about 400 to 500 B.C. (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 1). Also known as Indian Hemp, it is a stout, bushy, fork-like plant whose height varies from 5 to 15 feet in height, and is an old crop that has been grown in China as well as Asia for centuries (Hill, 1952, p. 28). In terms of products, Indian hemp is employ for ropes, twine, carpets, sailcloth, yacht cordage, binder twine, sacks, bags, and webbing as well as Hemp waste, and the woody fibers of the stem are sometimes use in making paper (Hill, 1952, p. 29). In addition The seeds contain an oil that is useful in the soap and paint industries as a substitute for flaxseed oil (Hill, 1952, p. 29).Medicinally, Cannabis has long been used as an indigenous medicine in the south of Africa, South America, Turkey, Egypt, and many areas of Asia including India, the Malays, Burma, and Siam (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 218). Despite the Western notion of cannabis as simply an intoxicant, there is documented evidence of its beneficial use in medicinal r emedies. at that place is a large body of evidence from the bespeak on the use of cannabis in medical applications (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). In studies conducted by Dr, W.B. OShaughnessy in 1839, who at the time was thirty-three and an assistant surgeon and professor of chemistry at the Medical College of Calcutta , he experimented on patients suffering from rabies, rheumatism, epilepsy, and tetanus (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). OShaughnessy reported anticonvulsant properties of the previously untried materia medica, expressed his belief that in Hemp the profession has gained an anti-convulsive remedy of the greatest value (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). OShaughnessys research led further investigation by Dr. R. MMeens for tetanus, neuralgia, the arrest of uterine hemorrhage, as an analgesic during labor, in dysmenorrhoea, convulsions, the pain of rheumatism, asthma, postpartum psychoses, gonorrhea, and chronic bronchitis (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). Dr. MMeens studies and reports resu lted in cannabis being assigned (MMeens, 1860, pp. 94-95)a place among the so called hypnotic medicines next to opium its effects are less intense, and the secretions are not so much suppressed by it. Digestion is not disturbed the appetite rather change magnitude . . . The whole effect of hemp being less violent, and producing a more natural sleep, without interfering with the actions of the internal organs, it is certainly often preferable to opium, although it is not equal to that drug in strength and reliability.MMeens also found that cannabis had use as a sedative among other medicinal purposes (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 220). Dr. Hare in 1887 noted that the use of cannabis quieting restlessness and anxiety, and by turning the mind of the patient to other channels. . . . Under these circumstances, the patient, whose most painful symptom has been mental trepidation, may become more happy or even hilarious (Hare, 1887, p. 225-226). However, the Tax Act of 1937 completed its medical de mise, and it was removed from the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary in 1941 (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 218). modernistic day medical findings see its proponents suggesting the legalisation of marijuana in terms of its medicinal uses (Earlywine, 2002, p. 167). Naturally, the preceding views have sparked a number of debates. It has been found that Smoked cannabis clearly helps some problems and may cost less than other medications, and that Synthetic cannabinoids can also alleviate symptoms of many disorders (Earlywine, 2002, p. 167). G.T. Stockings, a medical researcher, administered a unreal cannabis preparation to fifty depressive patients, and thirty-six showed definitive improvement (Stockings, 1947, pp. 918-922). Mikuriya (1969, p. 904) in reviewing the medical evidence as well as literature listed the potential and possible therapeutic uses of cannabisanalgesic and hypnotic,as an appetite stimulant,antiepileptic, antispasmodic,as an aid in the prevention as well as interrupt ion of migraines and tic douloureux,as an antidepressant as well as tranquilizer,as a psychotherapeutic aid,antiasthmatic,in the acceleration of childbirth (oxytoxic),as a topical anesthetic,in certain uses as an agent that facilitates patient withdrawal from additions to opiates and alcohol, andas an antibioticThe current position of organized medicine in the United States is that cannabis has been condemned as medically worthless, and even dangerous (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 226). In fact the members of the Committee on Legislative Activities of the American Medical Association in 1937, in protesting the Marihuana Tax Act, give tongue to (Cary, 1937, pp. 2214-2215)There is positively no evidence to indicate the abuse of cannabis as a medicinal agent or to show that its medicinal use is leading to the development of cannabis addiction. Cannabis at the present time is slightly used for medicinal purposes, but it would seem worthwhile to maintain its status as a medicinal agent for such purposes as it now has. There is a possibility that a restudy of the drug by modern means may show other advantages to be derived from its medicinal use. Your committee also recognizes that in the Border States the extensive use of the marihuana weed by a certain symbol of people would be hard to control that in the Border States the extensive use of the marihuana weed by a certain type of people would be hard to controlIn 1967 a position paper written in the Journal of the American Medical Association stated Cannabis (marihuana) has no known use in medical practice in most countries of the world, including the United States (Council on Mental Health and Committee on Legislative Activities and Drug Dependence, 1967, p. 1181). The factual evidence however points to otherwise as a classified undertaking by the United States segment of Defence in the United States that suggests the utilisation of cannabis compounds might be useful for (Culliton, 1970, p. 105)analgesicsblood pressure reduction, andpsychopharmacotherapeutic agentsThe limited utilization position of the United States in the uses of marijuana for medical purposes is outdated, according to global practices. The only uses legally approved in the United States are in California, and Arizona for medical purposes as approved by a physician, primarily for glaucoma, and high blood pressure (Christenson, 2004). Research conducted at the Complutense University in Madrid revealed that components contained in marijuana that were derived from the plant inhibited the growth of cancerous read/write head tumours (Annie Appleseed Project, 2007). The findings of that study were published in the journal of the American Association of Cancer Research. Other research and studies have also found that cannabis restricts the blood supply to Gliobastoma multiforme tumours , which is an aggressive brain tumour (Annie Appleseed Project, 2007). The foregoing study which was initiated in the United States in 1974, and then s ubsequent left unfounded was picked up by the Complutense University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 1998 were it was discovered that THC could selectively induce programme cell death in brain tumours without affecting healthy cells (Annie Appleseed Project, 2007).In addition, new research and studies have uncovered what other elaborations, notably Asian, have known for decades, that marijuana in certain uses does have value as a medicine. In a recent study conducted at the University of California, it was found that smoked marijuana was effective at relieving the extreme pain of a debilitating contain known as peripheral neuropathy (as well as potentially beneficial uses for) cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and other debilitating illnesses. (International Herald Tribune, 2007). The foregoing positive uses of cannabis as well as the wide spread use in Asia on an historical basis for medical purposes underlines the rationales for providing the broa d based background information which was utilized to set the context that the initial foundational uses of cannabis in that region on an historical basis served a different purpose from its present. That background is distinguished in understanding that the mental, and historical context in terms of cannabis in the Asian region differed greatly from the indemnity, and views of the United States, and Europe that impose criminal penalties that have spread to other regions, including Asia as the over riding policy that deals with usage today.In equating the use as well as regional context regarding Pakistan and cannabis, it is important to understand that the country borders China, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan. The preceding is important in that Afghanistan is the principle opium supplier to heroin and morphine base laboratories locate in Pakistan , Tajikistan as well as Turkey (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The drug industry provides a livelihood for many of the poor of Afghanistan as well as Tajikistan, and the Peshawar district (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The governmental administration in Pakistan has corrupt elements, subject to the payment of funds to ease controls, and police interference, thus keeping the market fluid (Khan and Wadud, 2001). With Peshawar located extremely close to the Afghanistan border, and Khyber Pass, it is the center of drug trafficking, and thus also fosters a drug supportive culture. The significance of the preceding is that the underlying hard drug culture fosters softer drugs use, cannabis, as more acceptable and a lighter form of involvement (United States Department of State, 2006). Cannabis is cultivated as well as grows wild in the region, thus making its availability easy for any resident (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007).Figure 1 Map of Pakistan(unique-century, 2007)The significance of the medicinal historical background as well as the drug industry trade, and the overall po verty of the region set the conditions for drug use among the populace as well, important factors in the understanding of motivations for use, and conditions that drag individuals into use. Important in this understanding is that Afghanistans drug trafficking represents an estimated one-third of the overall Gross Domestic Product, which is fostered by a corruption government administration (United States Department of State, 2006). The region itself is also subject to the drug trade as a result of the land expanses of land, and the huge number of individuals living at, and downstairs the poverty line. In addition to the indicated countries, drugs form a big part of the economies of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The heavy undercurrent of drugs, opium, heroin, and thus cannabis represents a steerer for a means out of poverty as well as a manner in which a large number of the populace are exposed to drugs at an early age.Pakistan itself traffics in drugs as well as cultivates opium, and is a major transit country for hashish and opiates from Afghanistan (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The country also has unconfirmed labs, and facilities along with an estimated 3 to 5 million addicts. Drug traffickers in Pakistan move product from Afghanistan to Turkey by land, through Iran as well as by sea. The foregoing is also an important consideration in the use of cannabis as a softer drug that is less addictive, and more importantly is affordable as a hard drug substitute in terms of poor economic opportunities as well as physical closing off for Pakistanis (International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 2006). In the Asian region, cannabis is seen as an herb more than a drug. Unlike hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, cannabis is seen as a social and recreational drug. It is easily grown in almost any type of conditions, and the climate in Pakistan is particularly suited to cultivation. It is imp ortant to mention that cannabis in todays form differs from their culture of the 1960s and 70s in that it has been cross bred, and its potency has increased dramatically, estimated by 20 times (Drug Addiction Advice Project, 2007). The last factor, increased potency has changed the dynamics of cannabis to one that borders on the additive qualities of cocaine.Cannabis is a mood-altering drug, which represents one of the key rationales for its use among the improvised peoples of Peshawar as it provides an increased internal feeling of well being and happiness, increases laughter, and also heightens ones appetite. The preceding are factors in the hard life of poorer Peshawar residents as they have little to be happy about. Cannabis, like alcohol helps people to relax, and in many instances aids them in thinking that it helps them to cope with their problems (Department of Human Services, 2002).3.1 Actions Against CannabisThe global drug problem has been the subject of immense study as well as policies. A key development that has influenced the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances has been the Inter-American Commission on Drug Policy (Smith, 1992, p. 16). After years of study, the Commission issued a policy report in 1991 that advised that the means to control, and thus reduce global drug use rested in understanding the following dy

What Is Power Electronics Engineering Essay

What Is Power Electronics Engineering EssayPower electronics involves the study of electronic lots intended to control the unraveling of electrical efficiency. These circuits handle actor flow at levels much eminenter than the individual device ratings.It has been said that people do non use electricity, alone rather they use communication, light, mechanical work, entertainment, and all the tangible benefits of both energy and electronics. In this sense, electrical engineering is a discipline very much concern in energy changeover and information. In the prevalent world of electronics engineering, the circuits engineers design and use are intended to convert information, with energy merely a unessential checkation in most cases. This is true of both analog and digital circuit design. In radio frequency applications, energy and information are sometimes on a more equal footing, but the main function of any circuit is that of information transfer.What about the conversion and control of electrical energy itself? electricalal energy commencements are varied and of many types. It is natural, then, to consider how electronic circuits and systems can be applied to the challenges of energy conversion and management. This is the framework of originator electronics, a discipline that is defined in terms of electrical energy conversion, applications, and electronic devices. More specifically, Rectifiers are probably the most familiar example of circuits that meet this definition. Inverters (a general term for dc-ac converters) and dc-dc converters for world-beater supplies are also greens applications. As shown in Fig. 1.1, tycoon electronics represents a median point at which the topics of energy systems, electronics, and control adjoin and combine 1.Any useful circuit design for the control of power must address issues of both devices and control, as well as of the energy itself. Among the odd aspects of power electronics are its emphasis on large semiconductor devices, the application of magnetic devices for energy storage, and surplus control methods that must be applied to nonlinear systems. In any study of electrical engineering, power electronics must be placed on a level with digital, analog, and radio-frequency electronics if we are to reflect its distinctive design methods and unique challenges.FIGURE 1.1 Control, energy, and power electronics are interrelated.All power electronic circuits manage the flow of electrical energy between some sort of source and a load. The parts in a circuit must direct electrical flows, non impede them. A general power conversion system is shown in Fig. 1.2. The function of the power converter positioned at the middle is that of controlling energy flow between a presumption electrical source and a given load. For our purposes, the power converter forget be implemented with a power electronic circuit. As a power converter appears between a source and a load, any energy used inwardly the converter is lost to the overall system. A crucial point emergesto build a power converter, we should consider only lossless components. A realistic converter design must approach 100% efficiency. A power converter connected between a source and a load also affects system reliability.FIGURE 1.2 General systems for electric power conversionA circuit built from ideal switches will be lossless. As a result, switches are the main components of power converters, and many people equate power electronics with the study of switching power converters. Magnetic transformers and lossless storage elements such as capacitors and inductors are also valid candidates for use in power converters. The complete concept, shown in Fig. 1.3, illustrates a power electronic system. much(prenominal) a system consists of an energy source, an electrical load, a power electronic circuit, and control functions. The power electronic circuit contains switches, lossless energy storage elements, and magnetic transformers. The controls take information from the source, load, and designer and then determine how the switches operate to achieve the desired conversion. The controls are usually built up with conventional low-power analog and digital electronics.FIGURE 1.3 a basic power electronic systemTrends in Power Supplies As speak tos of electronics decline, the power supply becomes a larger dissever of system cost and design effort. One major manufacturer estimates that power supply cost will soon reach 50% of the total cost of a typical electronic product such as a cordless telephone or personal computing device. Thus, new technology developments in power supplies are critically important.In the past, bulky linear power supplies were designed with transformers and rectifiers from the ac line frequency to provide low-level dc voltages for electronic circuits. novel in the 1960s, use of dc sources in aerospace applications led to the development of power electronic dc-dc conversion ci rcuits for power supplies. In a typical power electronics battle array today, an ac source from a wall outlet is rectified without any transformation the resulting high dc voltage is converted through a dc-dc circuit to the 5V, 12 V, or some other level required. These switched-mode power supplies are rapidly supplanting linear supplies across the full spectrum of circuit applications. A personal computer commonly requires three different 5V supplies, two .12 V supplies, a 12 V supply, a 24 V supply, and perhaps a few more.This does not include supplies for 1 Introduction 3 video display or peripheral devices. Only a switched-mode supply can support such analyzable requirements without high costs. The bulk and weight of linear supplies make them infeasible for hand-held communication devices, calculators, notebook computers, and similar equipment. Switched-mode supplies often take advantage of MOSfield-effect transistor semiconductor technology. Trends toward high reliability, lo w cost, and miniaturization have reached the point at which a 5 V power supply sold today might last 1,000,000 hr (more than 100 yr), provide 100Wof output in a package with volume This type of supply brings an interesting dilemma the ac line cord to plenty it in actually takes up more space than the power supply itself. Innovative concepts such as integrating a power supply within a connection cable will be used in the future.Device technology for power supplies is being driven by expanding needs in the automotive and telecommunications industries as well as in markets for portable equipment. The automotive industry is making a transition to 42 V systems to handle change magnitude electric power needs. Power conversion for this industry must be cost effective, yet rugged enough to survive the high vibration and panoptic temperature range to which a passenger car is exposed. Global communication is possible only when sophisticated equipment can be used almost anywhere.This brings a special challenge, because electrical supplies are neither reliable nor consistent throughout much of the world. While in North America voltage swings in the domestic ac supply are often Given the enormous size of worldwide markets for telephones and consumer electronics, there is a clear need for flexible-source equipment. Designers are challenged to obtain maximum death penalty from small batteries, and to create equipment with minimal energy requirements.DEVICE TYPE CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER DEVICESDiode Current ratings from 5000 A. Voltage ratings from 10V to 10 kV or more. The fastest power devices switch in BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) Conducts collector current (in one direction) when sufficient base current is applied. Power device current ratings from 0.5 to 500 A or more voltages from 30 to 1200V. Switching times from 0.5 to 100 ms. The function applies to dc-dc circuits combinations with crystal rectifiers are used in inverters. Power BJTs are being supplanted b y FETs and IGBTs.FET (Field outlet Transistor) Conducts drain current when sufficient gate voltage is applied. Power FETs (nearly always enhancement mode MOSFETs) have a parallel connected reverse diode by virtue of their construction. Ratings from _1 to _100 A and 30 up to 1000V. Switching times are fast, from 50 or less up to 200 ns. The function applies to dc-dc conversion, where the FET is in wide use, and to inverters.IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) A special type of power FET that has the function of a BJT with its base driven by a FET. Faster than a BJT of similar ratings, and easy to use. Ratings from 10 to 600 A, with voltages of 600 to 1700V. The IGBT is popular in inverters from _1 to 100kW or more. It is found almost exclusively in power electronics applications.SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) A thyristor that conducts give care a diode after a gate pulse is applied. Turns off only when current becomes zero. Prevents current flow until a pulse appears. Rati ngs from 10 up to more than 5000 A, and from 200V up to 6 kV. Switching requires 1 to 200 ms. widely used for controlled rectifiers. The SCR is found almost exclusively in power electronics applications, and is the most common member of the thyristor family.GTO (Gate Turn-Off Thyristor) an SCR that can be turned off by sending a negative pulse to its gate terminal. Can substitute for BJTs in applications where power ratings must be very high. The ratings approach those of SCRs, and the speeds are similar as well. Used in inverters rated 100 kW.TRIAC A semiconductor constructed to resemble two SCRs connected in reverse parallel. Ratings from 2 to 50 A and 200 to 800V. Used in lamp dimmers, home appliances, and hand tools. Not as rugged as many other device types, but very convenient for many ac applications.MCT (MOSFET Controlled Thyristor) A special type of SCR that has the function of a GTO with its gate driven from a FET. oftentimes faster than conventional GTOs, and easier to us e. These devices are supplanting GTOs in some application areas.POWER CONVERTERSThe power processors usually consist of more than one power conversion stage where the operation of these stages is decoupled on an instantaneous basis by means of energy storage elements such as capacitors and inductors. Therefore, the instantaneous power input does not have to equal the instantaneous power output.We will refer to each power conversion stage as a converter. Thus, a converter is a basic module (building block) of power electronic systems. It utilizes power semiconductor devices controlled by signal electronics (integrated circuits) and possibly energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors. Based on the form (frequency) on the two sides, converters can be divided into the following broad categories1. AC to DC2. DC to AC3. DC to DC4. AC to ACWe will use converter as a generic tenn to refer to a single power conversion stage that may coif any of the functions listed above. To b e more specific, in ac-to-dc and dc-to-ac conversion, rectifier refers to a converter when the average power flow is from the ac to the dc side. Inverter refers to the converter when the average power flow is from the dc to the ac side. In fact, the power flow through the converter may be reversible.Power Electronic Applications(a) ResidentialRefrigeration and freezersSpace thawingAir conditioningCookingLightingElectronics (personal computers,other entertainment equipment)(b) CommercialHeating. ventilating, and airconditioningCentral refrigerationLightingComputers and office equipmentUninterruptible power supplies(UPSs)Elevators(c) industrialPumpsCompressorsBlowers and fansMachine tools (robots)Arc furnaces, induction furnacesLightingIndustrial lasersInduction heatingWelding(d) TransportationTraction control of electric vehiclesBattery chargers for electric vehiclesElectric locomotivesStreet cars, trolley busesSubwaysAutomotive electronics including enginecontrols(e) Utility system sHigh-voltage dc transmission (HVOC)Static var compensation (SVC)Supplemental energy sources (wind,photovoltaic), fuel cells faculty storage systemsInduced-draft fans and boilerfeed water pumps(f) AerospaceSpace shuttle power supply systemsSatellite power systemsAircraft power systems(g) TelecommunicationsBattery chargersPower supplies (dc and UPS)

Proactive Policing Essay -- Police Essays Papers

Proactive Policing Community Orientated Policing is widely held as the natural and correct style for American policing. For the past decade the community policing movement has been gaining impetus acquiring the support of politicians, scholars, reformers, and the public. Police chiefs around the country be now feeling the pressures of implementation from citizens and local government officials. Many high ranking victor police organization have placed their seal of approval on the new style of policing, including the Police Executive Research forum, the Police Foundation, the International familiarity of Chiefs of Police, The National Organization Of Black Law Enforcement Executives, And the National Sheriffs Association. The following U.S. presidents Bill Clinton, George Bush, And Ronald Reagan have all supported community policing, and with the recent passage of the 1994 plague Act, community policing has received the approval and go ahead from the Federal government (Maguire p368). Due to the involvement of the federal government many American police departments are reporting that they already have or are attempting to implement a community policing program, eventhough a large number of them do non fully agnise the implication and obstacles they face with the implementation of the program. Most of the agencies are just inquiring due to the funding. Most of the police organizations applying for the grants do not fully understand the new style, and either intentionally or unintentionally misuse the funds. Community orientated policing is a proactive philosophy that promotes solving problems that are either criminal, affect the timbre of life, or increase citizens fear of crime. It involves identifying, analyzing and addressing community problems at their source. Unfortunately, many individuals, both in and outside of policing see community policing as merely putting officers on foot or bike patrol, or by opening mini-stations amongst the community. The se approaches misrepresent the true potential of community policing and establish simplistic expectations. (Glensor p14). These simplistic goals, unfortunately, do not allow for the implementer to ready him or herself to be ready for the obstacles they face with the implementation of the program. Vague descriptions of the obstacles they may face consist of officers concern of change, community co... ...ementing long marge solutions to community problem instead of readministering the bandage day after day. However through the implementation phase obstacles leave alone be encountered and effective methods of establishment essential be pre-administered. In all the success of a community policing program depends on the professionalism and determination of those selected officers administering the program. Given time officers involved in the program will find gratitude due to the fact that they will be allowed to exercise independent thoughts and actions in order to solve community p roblems through cost-effective and innovative ways. acknowledgement listGlensor, Ronald W., FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Jul 96, vol. 65 Issue 7, p14.Lurgio, Arthur J. and Wesley G. Skogan, Crime and Delinquency, Jul 94, vol. 40 Issue 3, p315. Skogan, Wesley G. and Mary Ann Wycoff, Quality Policing in Madison An Evaluation of its Implementation and Impact (final skillful report). Washington D.C.The Police Foundation. Walters, Paul M., FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Nov 93, vol. 62 Issue 11, p20. Wycoff, Mary Ann, Community Policing Strategies. 1994. Unpublished final report, Washington

Let It Pour: My First Assignment as Executive Assistant :: Critical Thinking Case Study

IntroductionJust starting a new position as executive assistant, working directly for the chief executive officer of trust Community Hospital I receive my first assignment as executive assistant. I am charged with solving specific problems, delivering the solutions and describing my rationale for my proposed solutions, my boss, the CEO of the Community Hospital is requiring the information next Monday. In my following report I will take steps to identify the problems and to solve each of the problems depict using the critical thinking skills I contract learned at State University. I will be using my decision making skills along with a brainstorming technique to help me solve these problems. The two problems that I fill identified are as follows The first problem I have identified to solve is the moral and ethical differences our practitioners have towards administering care to patients resulting in different levels of care provided by different practitioners. The second problem that I have identified is our increased costs per patient. I need to brainstorm what we can do to reduce or avoid the potential continuing increased costs. faultfinding Thinking Case StudyTo begin, I need to study the problems thoroughly and efficiently. Then I will need to isolate each of the problems that the CEO and I discussed in the meeting. I will need to analyze each problem and evaluate alternatives for each problem. After that is done, I will make recommendations with corrective actions disposed(p) for the CEO by Monday.In my CEOs assignment I have identified the two separate problems and I will be evaluating them each independently.Problem 1First, I have to identify the problem. The hospital and regulators are seeing inconsistent decisions that are implemented for the patients based on the particular doctors or nurses morals, and ethical beliefs. As the CEO said On one hand, we have particular patients who wane to take certain medical services, and on the other hand, pa rticular staff members who refuse to provide certain services. The doctors are not following any set standards for issuing care for our patients. This problem needs to be immediately rectified.To solve this get out I need to break down the problem into its different elements. I have identified the problem, now I have to define the goals.GoalsThe goals that we need to pass on are to have each practitioner administer consistent care for our patients regardless of personal morals and ethics. We also need to make sure that no patient is refused care, regardless of the doctors beliefs, medical coverage or lack of coverage.

John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples :: John Rawls Law Peoples Essays

John Rawlss The Law of PeoplesFrom its beginnings, Edward Saids Orientalism (1978) has produced conflict in post-colonial studies. Does Professor Saids possible action suggest international implications and/or strategies as Culture and Imperialism (1993) argues? Or does the East of Orientalism belong only to the Middle East and particularly to Middle Eastern studies? Is in that location a monolithic Othering at work? Or do resistive pockets exist within Western imperial discourse? Perhaps the thorniest issue, however, concerns the stance from which to learn global issues of imperialism and colonization. Ethical decisionsjudgments, in a wordshould play a large part in post-colonial theorizing and critiques. But on what basis can judgments be made? Where should accountability lie? And if there is accountability, how can it be enforced?Moreover, there has been a recent shift in the major players in the twenty-first century version of the Great Game. Said and Bhabha have, i n characteristically fine ways, questioned the stability of the term nation. National identity may now be seen to a greater extent as a notional identity. But does it matter any more? Does national identity even count? These questions come on the heels of global policy-making reactions to global capitalist institutions (multinational corporations) and the global political institutions wholly owned and operated by them. By global capitalist institutions, I mean organizations like Bertelsmann, Aramco, Merck, Sony, Microsoft, Daimler-Benz, and so on. By global political institutions, I refer to the World Bank, the IMF, the WTO, and the various protectors of Intellectual Property. Imperialism and colonization must now be looked at in terms of these global institutions, rather than in political or even cultural terms. The dichotomies first world/third world, east/west, north/south, developed/underdeveloped do not hold the relevance they once had. There are thus two issues to be faced first, how to establish a foundational basis for ethical judgments, and second, how to theorize fortress to the new economic imperialism which has changed rather radically from the old imperialism of nation-state or region and which has rendered Samuel Huntingtons clashes of culture obsolete. Critics of both of these situations must ask where to look for guiding principles upon which to fore judgments within a global context. I want to avoid both the hegemonic westernization of democratic/capitalist values and the seemingly benign cultural relativism that avoids any standards of ethical or political judgment.